Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
M. O. Malyshev, PhD in Law
Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
4 January 1918. (December 221917.) The Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution “on convening January 8 (January 21 1918.) III Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies and January 15 (January 28) - III Congress of Peasants' Deputies. one
Three days before the opening of the Congress of Soviets, the Constituent Assembly was to meet, 2 with which the hopes of the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie were tied to overthrow the young power of the Soviets and restore the capitalist order. To this end, the counter-revolutionary Union for the Defense of the Constituent Assembly organized a plot with the center in Petrograd. 3 With the money of foreign embassies, the Social Revolutionaries created a terrorist organization in Petrograd and on January 1 (14)1918. made a villainous attempt on V.I. Lenin. 4
To suppress the conspiracy, the Soviet government formed a military headquarters, which included Sverdlov, Podvoisky, Uritzky, Bonch-Bruyevich. 5 The Petrograd Soviet and the Emergency Commission for the Preservation of Order in the capital called upon the working people to fight against the provocation of the enemies of the Soviet government. 6
On January 3 (16) at the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, V.I. Lenin introduced the draft Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, which was adopted unanimously 1 . 7 Concerning the Constituent Assembly, the Declaration stated:
“Being selected on the basis of party lists compiled before the October Revolution, when the people could not yet rebel against the exploiters, not knowing the whole force of their resistance while defending their class privileges, the creation of a socialist society, the Constituent Assembly would consider it fundamentally wrong, even from a formal point of view, to oppose itself to Soviet power.
.. The power must belong entirely and exclusively to the working masses and their plenipotentiary representation — the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. ” eightAt the same meeting, in order to ensure the full power of the Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a decree “On recognizing as a counter-revolutionary action all attempts to appropriate the functions of state power”. 9
As a result of the elections to the Constituent Assembly, which were held on the lists drawn up before the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks were in the minority. The elections were held in a situation where: “a significant part of the people did not have time to comprehend the meaning of the socialist revolution”. 10
At the same time, from the very beginning of the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Party had a negative attitude towards the idea of convening a Constituent Assembly. Another 26 (13) December1917. Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party published. V. I. Lenin’s theses on the Constituent Assembly, which exposed the plans of the bourgeoisie and its minions from the compromising parties who tried to use the Constituent Assembly for counterrevolutionary purposes. the people in general and the working people in particular "and that" the republic of the Soviets is a higher form of democracy than the ordinary bourgeois republic with the Constituent Assembly "; Moreover, the Soviet government is "the only form capable of providing the most painless transition to socialism." eleven
The Constituent Assembly on the first and only day of its existence showed its counter-revolutionary face. It refused to discuss and adopt the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People proposed by Ya. M. Sverdlov, which consolidated the gains of October. 12 In view of this, the Constituent Assembly was dissolved. The decree “On the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly” was adopted at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee at 1:30 pm nights from 6 (19) to 7 (20) January. A speech on the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly at this meeting was made by VI Lenin. The decree "On the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly" was based on the theses of V. I. Lenin "On the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly." The draft decree itself was also written by V. I. Lenin. 13
The Bolshevik Party went to the convocation of the Constituent Assembly because “the people,” said V.I. Lenin, “wanted to convene the Constituent Assembly,” and we called it. But he immediately felt that this notorious Constituent Assembly was that of himself. And now we have fulfilled the will of the people, a will that says: all power to the Soviets. ” 14
The workers of Petrograd warmly welcomed the dissolution of the "Constituent". 15 Following the workers of Petrograd, the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was supported by the working people of the whole country, warmly welcoming the Third Congress of Soviets that gathered at the same time.
At the congress that opened on January 23 (10), 317 Soviets of workers, soldiers and peasants' deputies and 110 army corps and divisional committees were represented. 16 By the time the congress opened, 625 delegates arrived. 17 Three days later, representatives of more than 250 Soviets of Peasant Deputies joined the congress.
On January 13 (26), the 3rd All-Russian Congress of Councils of Peasant Deputies gathered in Smolny. Of 422 peasant delegates, 163 belonged to the Bolshevik Party and 48 delegates sympathized with the Bolsheviks. 18
The decisive historical event was the unification of the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies with the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies.
Thus, the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets on the third day of its work became the joint congress of the Soviets of workers, soldiers and peasants' deputies. 19 This merger was important for the further consolidation of the alliance of the working class and the poorest peasantry. Thus, the union of the Soviets of Workers and Peasants into the single authorities was legally secured, and from that time on they were called Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.
The members of the Bolshevik Party, out of a total of 707 delegates, were 441 delegates, that is, 62%, and 20 of them joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917. 226 delegates; 465 delegates to the congress already had experience of Soviet state work; 239 delegates worked as members of the executive committees of local councils; 226 delegates were members of local councils. 21
By the time the congress opened, the Communist Party had won a major victory in the village. The bulk of the peasant Soviets in the country was already united with the workers and soldiers' Soviets. As a result, the composition of the delegates who were present at the III Congress changed dramatically. Of the 317 Soviets represented at the Third Congress, 212 Soviets united workers, soldiers and peasants, without breaking up into sections; 237 Councils were headed by a single executive committee; 74 of the Council had working sections, 81 — soldiers' and 64 — peasant sections. Only 50 Soviets had executive committees in sections. 22
The III All-Russian Congress of Soviets included representatives of the workers of Ukraine (51), Belarus (36), the Baltic States (16), the North Caucasus (7), Finland (7), the Transcaucasus (1), the Far East (1), Central Asia ). 23
Congress opened Ya. M. Sverdlov. Under heavy applause, V. I. Lenin was elected the honorary chairman. K. Liebknecht and John MacLean were also elected honorary chairmen of the congress. In this regard, the English newspaper The Call "wrote:" The workers of the Clyde are especially proud of this high honor, this election. They feel an invisible, but at the same time real connection between Petrograd and Glasgow. " 24
During the days of the Third Congress in the capitalist countries, a wave of revolutionary movement arose. During the strike campaign in Vienna, 25 Budapest and other cities of Austria-Hungary, Councils of workers and soldiers' deputies were created. Mass strikes broke out in the Czech lands, and most clearly in Prague. 26 In Berlin, about half a million workers went on strike, and a Council of Workers' Deputies was formed. The strike movement spread to the provinces. 27 On the same days the proletarian revolution triumphed in Finland, and the workers 'and peasants' government was proclaimed in Helsingfors. 28
These days there were major uprisings in the Bulgarian army. 29 Reports of demonstrations, rallies and strikes during the days of the 111th Congress came from Poland, 30 France, 31 Italy, 32 Spain, 33 England. 34
The resolution adopted at the rally in Geneva expressed "ardent sympathy of the bold Bolshevik party." 35 The British newspaper The Lab wrote: “We want our Russian comrades to know that in England there are warm sympathies for them, but they do not find expression in the British bourgeois press.” 36
The congress discussed the following issues:
a) Report of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars on the activities of the Soviet government (rapporteurs V.I. Lenin and I.M. Sverdlov).
b) Approval of the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People.
c) On the federal institutions of the Russian Republic (national question).
d) On war and peace.
e) Approval of the law on land socialization.
f) Elections of the Central Executive Committee.
In the report on the activities of the SNK for the period from the II to the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, V.I. Lenin highlighted the work of the Soviet government, which proceeded in a bitter struggle for the creation and strengthening of the new state. Noting the importance of building the Soviet Republic, V.I. Lenin emphasized that “our socialist republic of Soviets will stand firmly, like a torch of international socialism and as an example to all the working masses. There is a fight, war, bloodshed, the victims of millions of people, the exploitation of capital, here is the real peace policy and the socialist republic of the Soviets. ” 37
The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries met the report of V.I. Lenin with hysterical attacks in defense of the exploiters, in defense of bourgeois democracy- 38However, the delegates of the congress overwhelmingly approved the work of the government.
A report on the activities of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was made by Ya. M. Sverdlov. He said that the compromising CEC of the first convocation after the II Congress tried to revive its activities and hampered the work of the new CEC. "The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, leaving Smolny, took with them literally everything they could drag off: money, documents, addresses, reports." 39 To the new CEC, everything had to start in a new place. In this work, he was greatly helped by the Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet. Ya. M. Sverdlov drew the attention of the congress to the great work that the All-Russian Central Executive Committee did in strengthening local Soviets, in merging them with the peasant Soviets. At the conclusion of the report, Sverdlov announced the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, adopted unanimously by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. 40He pointed out that "the Declaration is one of the most significant facts of world history, summing up the position of the working man in a socialist society ..." 4I
The declaration proclaimed that the proletariat of Russia, led by the Communist Party, created the first socialist state in the world - a state of a new, higher type and thus laid the foundation for building a socialist society. The Declaration reaffirmed the most important position of Marxism-Leninism about the inevitability and necessity of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the transitional period from capitalism to communism.
The first section of the Declaration was devoted to the basics of the organization of state power and the state system of Russia, which was declared the "Republic of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Councils, Deputies". 42This meant the legal consolidation of the formation of a new political form of the dictatorship of the proletariat - the Republic of Soviets. The declaration established that "the Soviet Russian Republic is established on the basis of a free union of free nations, as a federation of Soviet national republics". On the ruins of a bourgeois-landlord state based on the powerless subordination of suburbs and small nations, a Soviet Socialist Federation of Free Peoples was created. The Soviet federation took into account the economic integrity of the entire territory and the uniqueness of the national composition of each subject of the federation. 43
The declaration confirmed and legally enshrined all those measures that the Soviet government carried out a number of decrees. Land, forests, subsoil and waters of national importance, as well as all living and dead implements, model estates and agricultural enterprises became national wealth. The declaration enshrined in law the implementation of the first measures of the Soviet government in the nationalization of the means of production and transport and the creation of socialist management of the national economy. On the basis of the decree "On workers' control" and on the "Supreme Council of the National Economy" the Declaration proclaimed that the further step of the Soviet government was the full nationalization of industry and transport. The Declaration confirmed the action of the decree on the transfer of all banks to the ownership of the Soviet state,44 The Declaration introduced universal labor service "in order to destroy the parasitic strata of society and the organization of the economy." The introduction of universal labor service under the dictatorship of the proletariat was provided for by the decision of the Sixth Congress, the party. 45 The Declaration, therefore, was the first to speak of the basic duties of citizens in a socialist society. The establishment of universal labor service was, of course, directed against the overthrown class of exploiters.
In the second section, the Declaration decreed the arming of the working people and the formation of the socialist Red Army of workers and peasants, as well as the disarmament of the propertied classes. 46 By this, the Declaration once again provided full power for the working people by creating a military organization of the working people — the Red Army replacing the Red Guard, which now “could not cope with the enormous tasks of defending the young Soviet state against the imperialists and fighting internal counterrevolution that raised all sides of the head. " 47
The principle of the foreign policy of the Soviet state proclaimed by the Declaration is extremely important. For all the following years this peaceful policy of the Soviet government remains the unchanged policy of the world. The declaration fully affirmed the policy of breaking up secret treaties, organizing the broadest possible intercourse with the workers and peasants of the warring armies between themselves and achieving revolutionary measures of a democratic world without annexations and indemnities based on free self-determination of nations. The declaration rejected the policy of enslavement in the colonial and dependent countries and welcomed the policy of the Council of People's Commissars, which proclaimed the independence of Finland, which began the withdrawal of troops from Persia, which declared the freedom of self-determination of Armenia. The declaration approved the cancellation of government loans,
The fourth section of the Declaration affirmed the full authority of the Soviets; "The power must belong entirely and exclusively to the working masses and their plenipotentiary representation — the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies." At the same time, the Declaration deprived the exploiters of the right to participate in the government of the state, pointing out that “at the moment of the people’s decisive struggle with its exploiters, the exploiters cannot be in any of the authorities. The congress by an overwhelming majority, with 19 abstentions, 48 adopted the Declaration as the basis for the future Constitution of the Soviet Republic. The 49 Congress also discussed the issue of the federal institutions of the Czech Republic.
28 January 1918. the Bolshevik faction of the congress for the first time discussed the draft of the main principles of the federation of Soviet republics. 50 This project was based on a combination of democratic centralism with the independence of the national republics. On the same day, at the meeting of the Third Congress of Soviets, JV Stalin made a report on the national question, announcing the draft Resolution on Federal Institutions of the Russian Republic. 51 The resolution on this report stated that “the Russian Socialist Republic is established on the basis of a voluntary union of the peoples of Russia as a federation of the Soviet republics of these peoples”. 52The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', Peasants' and Cossack Deputies was declared the highest authority in the country. The congress elects the CEC - the highest body in the country between congresses. The convening of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets was established no less than three months later. The government of the federation was the Council of People's Commissars, elected and displaced by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets or the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
The resolution talked about the method of participation in the federal government of areas differing in their particular way of life and national composition, as well as on the field of activity of regional and federal institutions of the Russian Republic. 53
The resolution defined the competence and scope of activity of both the highest authorities of the Federation and individual areas. It was found that the central government represents the entire Federation as a whole, monitors compliance with the foundations of the Federation, conducts nationwide events. At the same time, it was emphasized that the highest authority of the Federation should not violate the rights of individual regions when holding general federal events. The affairs of one or another district or region belonged exclusively to local councils.
Thus, on the basis of democratic centralism, with full preservation of the rights of the national republics, an integral system of governance was created and the relationship between the highest and local authorities was determined. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries tried to defend the nationalist counter-revolution, opposed the power of the Soviets, demanding the restoration of the Constituent Assembly, defending the counter-revolutionary Ukrainian Rada. However, the congress opened and exposed the counter-revolutionary nature of the speeches of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries. 54
The resolution “On the Federal Institutions of the Czech Republic” stated that “The development of these basic provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federal Republic is entrusted to the Central Executive Committee of the Councils for submission to the next Congress of Councils” The 65 Congress also adopted a resolution “On the Policy of the Council of People’s Commissars on the National Question”, which stated that the Congress welcomes and approves the national policy pursued by the government. In particular, the congress approved the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars and the CEC "On the Republic of Finland" and "On Turkish Armenia."
The vital necessity for the Soviet Republic was the immediate signing of peace. However, against this, as is well known, the party of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, whose representatives were part of the Soviet government, as well as the opposition within the Bolshevik party itself represented by the “left” communists, came out. Held in the Brest-Litovsk peace talks (5) January 18 1918. were interrupted. IN AND. Lenin called for the conclusion of peace, 8 (21) On January at a meeting of the Party Central Committee in conjunction with the Bolshevik delegates arrived at the III Congress of Soviets 56 (at a meeting attended by about 60 people). He scathingly criticized all the “arguments” in favor of an immediate “revolutionary” war advanced by opponents of peace signing. The question of peace was discussed at the meeting of the Central Committee of the Party on January 11 (24). V.I. Lenin spoke out against supporters of the “revolutionary war.” And the middle line (“neither peace nor war:”). "By signing the world," said V. I-Lenin, "we ... make it possible for our conquests to get stronger." 57-58 V.I. Lenin was supported by J.M. Sverdlov, I.V. Stalin, F.A. Sergeev (Artyom), and others. At this meeting, the "Lefts" spoke in support of Trotsky.
These meetings were held simultaneously with the work of the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets. 59 The question of war and peace in general was discussed at a meeting of the Congress 13 (26) and January 14 (27). 60 Despite the obstructionist attacks of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, the Congress adopted a resolution proposed by the Bolsheviks 61 and giving the Soviet government unlimited powers to resolve the issue of war. and the world. 62 The resolution was not only a political but also a legal document that approved the foreign policy of the Soviet 1 government and granted the CPC wide powers in the matter of negotiating peace. 63
On January 16, on the seventh day of the meeting, the presiding judge, Y. M. Sverdlov, announced that delegates from 45 Cossack Don regiments had arrived at the congress, 64 who had risen up against the ataman Kaledin. The congress was informed that in the village of Kamenskaya a congress of front-line Cossacks had taken place, that the congress recognized Soviet power, formed the Don Revolutionary Committee, declared war on Kaledin. 65 In conclusion, the congress adopted an “Appeal to the Cossacks”. 61
At the closing meeting on January 31 (18) 1918. the congress discussed the draft law on land, or, as it was subsequently called, the “Basic Law on the Socialization of the Land”, developed by the collegium of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. The 67th Congress approved the first 19 points (“General Provisions of the Project”) and took as a basis the remaining sections. The congress instructed the peasant section and the presidium of the newly elected CEC to elaborate the Law in detail. The final approval of the law was entrusted to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. who approved it on January 27 (February 9) 1918. 68 V.I. Lenin pointed out that the essence of this Law is the nationalization of the land, the word “socialization” expresses only the tendency, the desire, the preparation for the transition to socialism. 69
The law provided for the development of cooperation, it established that the subject of the right to use land for farming among individuals and organizations is primarily agricultural communes and partnerships.
In conclusion of its work, the congress authorized the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and adopted a decision “On the new designation of the existing supreme state power”. Ya. M. Sverdlov reminded the delegates of the congress that "all the laws adopted by the Soviet authorities always had a reservation:" Until the final decision by their Constituent Assembly. " I, M. Sverdlov, pointed out that such a clause "was relegated to the field of tradition, as were the parties that wanted to fake the popular will in the Constituent Assembly”. 70 Then a proposal was made for a new name for the government. The congress approved the proposal to continue to call the government of the Soviet state "Workers and Peasants' Government of the Soviet Republic."
Finally, the Third Congress of Soviets elected the new composition of the Central Executive Committee. The quantitative composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was determined to be 300 delegates with the addition of 20 delegates from central trade-union organizations and 20 from the All-Russian Congress of the Military Fleet. At the suggestion of the Bolsheviks, the congress adopted the following election procedure for the All-Russian Central Executive Committee: each faction presented a list of its elected delegates to the CEC. The lists were compiled without calculating the number of congress delegates from this faction. On average, out of every 5 delegates of the congress 1 member was nominated to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 2 delegates from each army. 71
After the congress rejected the proposal of the Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to consider the entire congress the CEC, the 72 congress elected the Central Executive Committee of 305 members, 17 candidates, of whom 162 were Bolsheviks. 73
Before the closing of the congress, V.I. Lenin spoke. In his closing speech, V. I. Lenin pointed out the historical significance of the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, which consolidated the “organization of the new state power created by the October Revolution ...” 74 Defining the significance of the formation of the Soviet Federation, V. I. Lenin emphasized: “We rule, not sharing, according to the cruel law of ancient Rome, but uniting all working people with indissoluble chains of living interests, class consciousness. And our union, our new state, is stronger than the coercive power that unites artificial state formations with lies and iron into the necessary for the imperialists. ” 75
The Third Congress outlined a program for the further development and strengthening of the Soviet state. “Now, we,” said V.I. Lenin, “on a path cleared of historical rubbish, we will build a powerful, bright building of socialist society;
in history, the type of government, the will of the revolution designed to cleanse the earth from all exploitation, violence and slavery. " 76
Thus, the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets was the most important historical milestone on the initial path of building the first socialist state in the world. The newspaper Izvestia wrote in those days: “The Great Constituent Congress of the Russian Socialist Revolution adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, which will henceforth serve as an immortal charter of labor ... The working people, the oppressed and exploited of the whole world will enthusiastically meet this solemn proclamation of labor and international solidarity of workers. ” 77
The declaration adopted by the congress created the legal basis for the elaboration of the first Soviet Constitution and the further development of the great principles of the proletarian dictatorship.
Recommended by the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Leningrad University.
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1 Minutes of the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Soviets R., S., Kr. and kaz. deputies of the second convocation. M., Ed. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 1918, pp. 175-177.
2 cm. The history of the civil war in the USSR, t. 3M., Gospolitizdat, 1958, p. 154.
3 N. Rubinstein. Bolsheviks and the Constituent Assembly. Partizdat, 1938, p. 78.
4 cm. History of the Civil War in the USSR, vol. 3, p. 154; Vl. Bonch-Bruevich. Three attempts on V. I. Lenin. M., Ed. Federation, 1930, pp. 48-77.
5 K. T. Sverdlov. Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov. Ed. Young Guard, 1957, p. 401.
6 cm. Leaflets of the Petrograd Bolsheviks of 1917–1920, vol. 3, documents. № 86—89. Lenizdat, 1957, pp. 144-148; From the history of the Cheka 1917-1921., Documents .№76. M., Gospolitizdat, 1958, p. 88.
7 The text of the Declaration adopted at the meeting of the Central Executive Committee is somewhat different from the original Leninist text. See the decrees of Soviet power, t. I. M., Gospolitizdat 1957, pp. 314-323.
8 Decrees of Soviet power, pp. 322-323.
9 SU RSFSR, 1918, No. 14, Art. 202.
10 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. M., Gospolitizdat, 1959, p. 252; V.I. Lenin. Vol., T. 30, pp. 230-251.
11 V.I. Lenin. Cit., V. 26, p. 340.
12 The first day of the All-Russian Constituent Assembly. Stenographic report. Pg., 1918, pp. 1-7, 59, 63.
13 See the Decrees of Soviet Power, vol. I, pp. 329-336.
14 V.I. Leenin. Vol., T. 26, p. 399.
15 cm. Pravda, January 91918., January 17 1918., January 19 1918.
16 cm. IN AND. Lenin and N. Works, vol. 26, p. 502 (note 104).
17 cm. Pravda, January 11 (January 24) 1918. - The notes to the Collected Works of V.I. Lenin (Ed. 4, vol. 26) said that before the representatives of the peasant deputies joined the congress, 707 delegates were present at the congress (p. 502).
18 History of the civil war in the USSR, vol. 3, p. 163.
19 cm. V.I.Lenin and Soch., T. 26 (note on p. 302) .— According to the credentials committee, preserved in the minutes of the congress, at the final meeting of the congress there were 1046 delegates from the Soviets of workers, soldiers' deputies, of whom 942 had the right to vote advisory vote (see "News", January 201918.). When combined with the Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies, the number of delegates increased to 1587. Such a number of delegates was indicated by Sverdlov at the final meeting of the congress (see Marxist Historian, 1941, No. 3, p. 34). For more details on the final merger of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the Council of Peasants' Deputies, see the dissertation of V.S. Proninoy “The 3rd All-Russian Congress of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies' Councils (M, fund. V. I. Lenin Library) 1954, pp. 155-160; P.N. Sobolev. The role of the All-Russian Congresses of the Soviets in the struggle of the proletariat for the working peasantry (October 1917 — January1918.). Voprosy istorii, 1957, No. 12, pp. 3-24.
20 cm. V.I. Lenin. Works, vol. 26, p. 502 (note 104). - Exact information about the party composition of the congress has not been preserved. In his work The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky, Lenin cites other data on the composition of the congress: out of 710 delegates, 434 Bolsheviks (vol. 28, p. 249).
21 cm. D. Ch u ga e. The first Constitution of the Soviet state. Ed. Academy of Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), 1949, pp. 46-47.
22 cm. D. Ch u ga e in, acc. cit., p. 47.
23 cm. E. Gorodetsky. The Third Congress of Soviets (based on the materials of the secretariat of the editorial staff of the History of the Civil War). “The Marxist Historian”, 1941, No. 3, p. 26
24 "The Call", January 311918.
25 Pravda, January 251918.
26 The Great October Revolution and the Freedom of the Czech Republic. M., IL, 1951, p. 48.
27 Pravda, February 11918.
28 Izvestia, January 171918.- “Report on the revolution in Finland, on the formation of Soviets in Vienna, on the revolutionary movement in Germany” was made at the Y.M. Sverdlov Congress (Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, pp. 84–85).
29 cm. Chr. Hristov. For the issue of influence on the Velikata Octomvriyskl. socialist revolution in Bulgaria. “Historically Pregled”, Year VI, 1949–1950, I, p. 79: Materials on the historian at Bulgarian Communist Party Sofia, 1955, p. 155.
30 Schuster. The Great October Socialist Revolution and Poland. Bulletin of Leningrad State University, 1948, № 1, p. 66; MB M and n with to about. The October Revolution and the restoration of the independence of Poland. M., Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1957, pp. 100-102.
31 Izvestia, January 111918., January 17 1918.
32 Pravda, February 81918.
33 Pravda, January 271918.
34 Pravda, January 271918.
35 "Truth", January 30 19 '18 g.
36 "The Labor", January 241918. - On the support of the Soviet Republic during the work of the Third Congress, see also the Resolutions of the anti-war committee in Krakow of January 201918. "Proletarian solidarity of workers in the struggle for peace (1917-1924)". M. Ed. "Soviet Russia". 1957, p. 43; V. G. B p yu n and n. The January strike of 1918 in Berlin. Scientific reports of higher education. Historical sciences. IM, Ed. Soviet Science, 1959, p. 120.
37 V.I. Leenin. Cit. V. 26, p. 429.
38 TSAOR, f. 1235, op. 2, d4, l. 1–4; 9, 21, 34; see also Pravda, February 11918.
39 H. K p u sh k about l. Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Historical note). Propaganda and Agitation, 1937, No. 24, p. 23.
40 The text of the Declaration read by Ya. M. Sverdlov was re-edited and differed from the text adopted by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on 3 (16) January. See the decrees of the Soviet government doc. No. 214 and 228, pp. 321-323, 341-343.
41 Ya. M. Sverdlov. Selected articles and speeches1917. Gospolitizdat, 1939, p. 43.
42 SU RSFSR, 1918, No. 15, Art. 215.
43 cm. I.P.P p a and n and n. Declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people. Partizdat Central Committee of the CPSU (b), 1938.
44 SU RSFSR, 1918, No. 15, Art.215. See. also N. Krupskaya. The Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. M., 1918, p. 3.
45 See the CPSU in Resolutions and Decisions of Congresses, Conferences and Plenary Meetings of the Central Committee, Part I. M “Gospolitizdat, 1953, pp. 378–379.
46 January 27 (14)1918. The Central Committee of the Party, at the suggestion of V. I. Lenin, put the question of the creation of the Soviet Army to the discussion of the soldiers section of the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Front-line soldiers approved the draft decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the creation of the Red Army (see N. I. Shatagin. Organization and construction of the Soviet Army in 1918–20, M., Voenizdat, 1954, p. 31).
47 K. Ye. Voroshilov. Articles and speeches from the XVI to the XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) Partisat, 1934, p. 128.
48 TSAOR, f. 1235, op. 2, d4, l. 33.
49 After the merger of the congresses, the Declaration was again announced at the joint congress on January 31 (18) and was adopted by an overwhelming majority to the loud applause and singing of the Internationale (see Izvestia, January 20 1918.). The resolution of the congress stated: “The Congress sees in the Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People, adopted by the CEC, an expression of the true will of the working classes of Russia. Each line of this Declaration is dictated by the working classes themselves, and all the conscious workers, peasants and soldiers will fight to the demands expressed in this program of the Soviets to the last drop of blood ”(CGAOR, f. 1235, op. 2, e.4, l. 20). At the same time, the congress decided to put up this Declaration at all factories, mills, villages, and read in all parts of the army and navy.
50 TSAOR, f. 1235, op. 2, d7, l. 49-50.
51 I. V. Stalin. Vol., V. 4, pp. 30-37.
52 First Soviet Constitution. Collection of documents. Yuryzdat, 1938. p. 363.
53 By this, the foundations of the state structure of the Soviet and autonomous regions within the Russian Federation were outlined. See H. P about n and n. Education of the Russian Soviet Federation (Historical note). “The Power of the Soviets,” 1938, No. 9, p. 12.
54 Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, pp. 73-82. See also T. Remezov. III All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Journal of History, 1937, No. 12, pp. 24-26. Him. III All-Russian Congress of Soviets (Historical note). “The Power of the Soviets”, 1938, No. 2.
55 First Soviet Constitution. Collection of documents, 1938, p. 364.
56 Minutes of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. M., 1929, p. 207; see also V.I. Lenin. Soch., V. 26, p. 401-408.
57–58 . See Protocols of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. M., 1958, p. 169.
59 “Pravda” on the eve of the congress wrote that before the congress there would be “a burning question of our time - the question of war and peace. Mankind painfully struggles in the grip of militarism, and the Soviet government was the first fighter who courageously embarked on the path of struggle for peace. ” (Pravda, January 241918.).
60 Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, pp. 48-71.
61 TSGAOR, f. 1235, op. 2, d6, l. 186. The Congress also adopted a resolution on this question, introduced by the Left Social Revolutionaries (see the Decrees of Soviet Power, pp. 348–350).
62 History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. M., Gospolitizdat, 1959, p. 257.
63 Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, p. 92.
64 Ibid., Pp. 82-83.
65 History of the USSR (Age of Socialism). Moscow, Gospolitizdat, 1957, pp. 87-88.
66 Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, pp. 95-96.
67 The project was discussed at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies, at the meeting of the peasant section of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies, meeting together with the All-Russian Congress of land committees, and at the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. During this discussion, the project was reworked. See Agrarian Policy of Soviet Power (1917–1918). Documents and materials. M., Ed. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954, p. 525.
68 SU RSFSR, 1918, No. 25, Art. 346.
69 cm. V.I. Lenin. Soch., T. 28, p. 33, 285, 288. - On the issue of equalization land use and our party’s attitude towards it, see V. Zaitsev. The policy of the Bolshevik Party in relation to the peasantry in the period of the establishment and consolidation of Soviet power. Gospolitizdat, 1953, pp. 31-34; G.V. Shar about n. To the question of the nature of equalization land use in Soviet Russia. Voprosy istorii, 1957, No. 3, pp. 113-120; A.N. L about p and t to and. The agrarian program of the Bolsheviks in the Great October Socialist Revolution. Questions of History, 1957, No. 4, pp. 43–58.
70 cm. Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets, p. 85.
71 K. G. Fedorov. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee in the early years of Soviet power. 1917-1920 Moscow, Gosuruzdat, 1957, pp. 38-39.
72 This attack of the traitors of the working class was aimed at decapitating the local Soviets by leaving the top officials - the congress delegates to work in the office of central government.
73 At the congress, several Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries and representatives of other petty-bourgeois parties were elected to the CEC. For the struggle against Soviet power at the congress it was proposed to exclude the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries from the CEC. However, the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party rejected this proposal, but it was not put forward at a meeting of the Central Executive Committee (see Protocols of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Gosizdat, 1929, pp. 216, 219).
74 V.I. Lenin. Vol., T. 26, p. 434.
75 V.I. Lene and N. Cit., V. 26, p. 435.
76 Ibid.
77 Izvestia, January 211918. See also the article by K. Myatlev, “The Twentieth Anniversary of the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets”. Pravda, January 24 1938.
Source: Electronic catalog of the branch department in the field of "Law"
(library of the Faculty of Law) Scientific Library. M. Gorky St. Petersburg State University
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