The main features of the material and production base of socialism.

As a result of two great transformations—the socialist industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture—the material and production base of socialism was created in the USSR. The material and production basis of socialism   is large-scale machine production in all branches of the national economy, based on higher technology and the labor of workers free from exploitation.

The material and production base of socialism represents a new stage of development of large-scale machine production, higher than that of capitalism, and differs fundamentally from the material and production base of capitalist society.

Socialist production is united by social ownership of the means of production and develops according to plan in the interests of the whole of society. The growth of socialist production does not encounter obstacles due to private ownership of the means of production.

Socialist production is the largest and most concentrated in the world.   The socialist system, established in the USSR, signifies the undivided dominance of large-scale production not only in industry, but also in agriculture, while under capitalism small farms of individual peasants predominate in agriculture.

Socialist production is the most mechanized in the world.   In bourgeois society, machines serve as an instrument of exploitation and are introduced into production only when they increase the profits of the capitalist by saving on the wages of workers. Under socialism, machines are used in all cases where they save labor for society. In socialist society, machines have become a powerful means of facilitating the work of workers and peasants and increasing the people's well-being. In the absence of unemployment in a socialist society, machines cannot compete with the working people. Because of this, the working people are very willing to use machines in production, and the sphere of application of machines in comparison with capitalism is greatly expanded.

As a result of the elimination of private ownership of the means of production, all the achievements of advanced science and technology under socialism are the property of the entire society. In the socialist economy, the possibility of that artificial delay in technical progress, which is practiced by the capitalist monopolies for selfish purposes, is excluded.

Socialist production, pursuing the task of satisfying the needs of the whole of society, requires the continuous development and improvement of technology; old technology should be replaced by new, and new by the latest. Hence the need for large capital investments in the national economy. The socialist state, concentrating in its hands the main means of production and accumulation of the national economy, can make capital investments in all branches of production on a scale inaccessible to capitalism. Technical development under socialism, unlike capitalism, is not held back by the burden of old technology. Soviet industry and agriculture embodies the newest and most perfect that modern science and technology have at their disposal. The national economy of the USSR has the youngest production and technical apparatus in terms of age.

Thus, socialism ensures the consistent introduction of modern machine technology into all branches of production, including agriculture. Meanwhile, under capitalism, agriculture and even some branches of industry are based mainly on manual labor.

Under socialism the position of workers in production changes radically. The labor of workers, collective farmers and the intelligentsia freed from exploitation is the basis for the existence of socialist society. The working people work for themselves, for society, and not for the exploiters, and therefore they are deeply interested in the improvement of production on the basis of higher technology and in the best use of available technology. At the same time, socialism leads to a steady and rapid increase in the general cultural level and technical training of workers. All this determines the creative activity of the working people in the development of production and the tools of labour. The workers, collective farmers and intelligentsia are making a serious contribution to technical progress, are overcoming the old standards for the use of technology, mastering new, ever higher standards.

Unlike capitalism, socialism ensures the continuous and rapid growth of the productive forces.

socialist industry.

Socialist industry   is a highly concentrated and technically advanced industry, united on the basis of public ownership throughout the country. Socialist industry plays a leading role in the national economy; it equips all branches of the national economy with advanced technology. This is achieved by the more rapid growth of the branches producing the means of production and by the high level of development of machine building. Heavy industry is the foundation of the socialist economy.

Industry plays an important role in ensuring the growth of public consumption. Branches of the light and food industries, armed with advanced technology, are increasing the output of consumer goods from year to year.

Socialism has raised the technical level  of industry to unprecedented heights. From the point of view of production technology, the saturation of industrial production with new technology, the industry of the USSR ranks first in the world.

The fixed production assets of the industry of the USSR increased in 1953 by more than 2 times compared with 1940 and 22 times compared with 1913. Gross output of large-scale industry in 1953 increased (in comparable prices) compared with 1913 . 30 times. Compared with the level of 1940, industrial output increased in 1953 by more than 2.5 times, including machine-building output by almost 4 times. From 1913 to 1953, the output of some of the most important branches of heavy industry grew as follows: coal, from 29 million tons to 320 million tons; oil, from 9 million tons to 52 million tons; steel, from 4.2 million tons to 38 million tons. , cement - from 1.5 million tons to 16 million tons, electricity - from 1.9 billion kilowatt-hours to 133 billion kilowatt-hours. The share of mechanical engineering in industrial output was 27% in 1938, and 39% in 1950. In the United States before the war, mechanical engineering accounted for 17.6% of all industrial output, in Germany - 14.6%, in England - 16.2%.

Socialist industry is the most concentrated industry in the world. The concentration of production   under socialism is carried out according to plan and is accompanied by a general rise in production in the interests of society as a whole. Meanwhile, under capitalism, concentration is carried out spontaneously, accompanied by the ruin and death of small and medium-sized enterprises and the establishment of the rule of monopolies. “We are the country with the most concentrated industry. This means that we can build our industry on the basis of the best technology and, thanks to this, ensure unprecedented labor productivity, an unprecedented rate of accumulation” [1] .

Under socialism, one of the important forms of concentration—the combination of production—is being widely developed.   Combining production allows a more complete use of raw materials and fuel, reduces transportation costs, and leads to an acceleration of the production process.

In 1940, 71% of all workers and 84% of all products were concentrated in the industry of the USSR at enterprises with an annual production of over 5 million rubles (in constant prices of 1926/27), and in 1950 - 79% of all workers and 92% of all industrial products.

If we compare the data on the concentration of industry in the USSR and the USA (for convenience of comparison, for both countries, a grouping according to the number of workers and employees is taken), it turns out that in 1950 in the manufacturing industry of the USSR, enterprises with more than a thousand workers and employees were concentrated 62 ° / about all workers and employees and these enterprises produced 70% of all industrial products; in the US manufacturing industry, according to the post-war census (1947), enterprises with more than a thousand workers and employees concentrated 32% of workers in producing 34% of industrial output.

The growth in the concentration of production is accompanied in the USSR by the specialization of industrial enterprises. Specialization   of industrial production is the concentration of an enterprise on the production of a certain type of product, its individual parts and details, or on the performance of individual operations in the production of a product. Specialization in the USSR expresses the planned use by society of the benefits of the division of labor between individual enterprises. It enables the introduction of high-performance equipment, the introduction of standardization and mass production, which provide a significant increase in labor productivity.

Under socialism, planned co-operation   of industrial enterprises is widely developed, that is, the organization of permanent production links between enterprises that jointly participate in the manufacture of some object, but are economically independent in relation to each other. Cooperation between enterprises is organized primarily within the framework of individual economic regions in order to save transport from long-distance transportation. The planned co-operation of enterprises is an important factor in the growth of the productivity of social labor.

The development of industry and its technical re-equipment are accompanied by the growth of the working class and the rise in the cultural and technical level of the workers. In contrast to capitalism, where the introduction of machinery is usually accompanied by the de-skilling of a significant part of the workers, under socialism the introduction of new technology leads to an increase in the number and proportion of skilled workers, and a decrease in the number and proportion of unskilled manual labor workers. The number of engineering and technical workers is steadily growing.

A powerful, technically advanced transport system has been created in the USSR,   which, according to Marx, is the fourth branch of material production (after mining, manufacturing and agriculture). Transport links together all sectors of the national economy and economic regions of the country and plays an important role in the process of production and distribution of material goods.

The role of transport is growing under the conditions of a planned socialist economy, which is developing at a high rate and is characterized by multilateral ties between individual branches of production. Lenin, characterizing the role of railways, pointed out that they are "one of the manifestations of the most striking connection between town and country, between industry and agriculture, on which socialism is based entirely" [2] .

The concentration of all transport (railway, water, road, air) in the hands of society eliminated the competition of various modes of transport, which is characteristic of capitalism, and opened up the possibility of systematic coordination of their work. The USSR has created a unified transport system   throughout the country, systematically combining all types of transport.

The unified transport system under socialism is built on the basis of the latest achievements in transport technology: the widespread introduction of rolling stock of the latest designs and high power, the mechanization of loading and unloading operations, the improvement of track facilities, etc.

The fixed assets of transport in the USSR increased in 1953 in comparison with 1913 by 7.7 times. Freight turnover of all types of transport increased in 1953 in comparison with 1913 by more than 8 times, including the freight turnover of railways - 12 times.

socialist agriculture.

The socialization of the previously fragmented peasant economy, the creation of collective farms and state farms opened up the possibility of widespread use of machines, the introduction of advanced agricultural technology in agriculture and provided conditions for an increase in agricultural production.

Socialist agriculture in the   USSR, conducted on the basis of public property, is the largest and most mechanized agriculture in the world. It covers large agricultural enterprises - collective farms, machine and tractor stations and state farms.

The size of the collective farms as a result of the conducted in 1950 - 1951. by decisions of the general meetings of collective farmers, consolidations increased greatly. In 1954, there were 93,000 collective farms in the country instead of 254,000 in 1950. If before the enlargement, on average, one collective farm accounted for 589 hectares of arable land, then after the enlargement - 1,693 hectares of arable land.

The machine and tractor stations provided the collective farms with the material and technical base of large-scale machine production. The Soviet state has created an extensive system of machine and tractor stations in grain, flax, cotton, sugar beet and suburban areas. Special machine and livestock stations have been organized for the mechanization of labor-intensive work in animal husbandry, meadow reclamation stations for the mechanization of work to drain land and improve meadows and pastures. Electric tractor stations are being created for use in the collective farm production of electricity. All MTSs, depending on the line of production of the collective farms, have appropriate agricultural machines and qualified specialists. In 1954, the USSR had 9,000 MTS and other specialized stations serving collective farms and ensuring a high level of mechanization in all branches of agricultural production.

In the agriculture of the USSR, large state enterprises, state farms, equipped with advanced technology, play an important role. In 1954, there were about 5 thousand state farms in the country - grain, livestock (meat and dairy, pig, sheep, horse), cotton and others.

Socialist industry has armed agriculture with the most advanced technology. In accordance with the peculiarities of agriculture, on the basis of tractor traction, a system of machines was created for performing basic agricultural work: plowing, sowing, inter-row cultivation, and harvesting.

In 1954, the agriculture of the USSR had 1,260,000 tractors (up to 15 hp), 326,000 grain combines, 370,000 trucks, and many other agricultural machines. In this regard, the level of mechanization of agricultural work has increased dramatically.

The introduction of machines has radically changed the structure of the energy resources of agriculture. In 1916, working cattle accounted for 99.2%, and mechanical engines - only 0.8% of all agricultural energy resources. In 1940, working cattle accounted for 22%, and mechanical engines for 78%, and by the beginning of 1953, respectively, 9 and 91% (including tractors - 35%, trucks - 29, combine motors - 15, electrical installations - 3, other engines - 9%).

The socialist transformation of agriculture abolished the primitive three-field system of agriculture that had existed for centuries and created a new, most progressive system of agriculture in the world. The main features of this system are: the widespread introduction of the latest technology and the achievements of advanced agronomic science into agricultural production, the introduction of correct crop rotations with the wide development of fodder, vegetable and industrial crops, the use of artificial and organic fertilizers, the irrigation of lands in arid regions, the drainage of swamps, etc.

The correct conduct of a socialist agricultural enterprise excludes both the universalism of small peasant farming, in which various crops are cultivated, mainly for domestic consumption, and the one-sided development of capitalist farms, which usually specialize in one particular crop (monoculture). The specialization   of socialist agricultural enterprises is expressed in the fact that, in accordance with the natural and economic conditions of individual regions, leading branches are singled out in a planned manner, and additional branches develop along with them. Thus, specialization does not negate, but presupposes the development of a diversified economy.  with the right mix of primary and secondary industries. One of the important advantages of large-scale socialist agriculture is that it has the greatest potential for the development of a diversified, complex economy in which the land and labor power are used productively.

Along with the amalgamation and technical re-equipment of agriculture, new cadres   of workers in agricultural production are being created, possessing modern advanced technology and agronomic knowledge. In the USSR, the achievements of agronomic science for the first time in history became the property of the broad masses of the peasantry. The mass introduction of new technology brought to life new professions of mechanized agricultural labor: tractor drivers, combine operators, drivers, mechanics, threshing machines, flax pickers, cotton pickers and other machines. The collective farm system has given rise to hundreds of thousands of qualified managers and organizers of production - chairmen of collective farms, foremen, agronomists and livestock specialists, farm managers and others.

Thus, the socialist reconstruction of agriculture has created all the conditions for a systematic increase in the yield of agricultural crops and the productivity of animal husbandry, for a steady increase in agricultural output.

Ways of technical progress under socialism.

The main lines of technical progress under socialism are: the mechanization and automation of production, the electrification of the national economy, and the widespread use of chemistry in production.

Mechanization   is the replacement of manual labor by machine-assisted labor. Consistent mechanization of labor processes is an economic necessity under socialism. The continuous and rapid growth of socialist production can be ensured only through the constant improvement of technology and the comprehensive mechanization of labor processes. The mechanization of labor processes is the decisive   force without which it is impossible to ensure the high rates and vast scales of production characteristic of socialism.

The USSR is consistently mechanizing the main and most labor-intensive processes of production in all branches of the national economy. The mechanization of socialist production occurs through the introduction of new, most advanced machines, mechanisms and advanced technological processes.

In the industry of the USSR, the mechanization of production has reached a level unprecedented under capitalism. In the coal industry, where heavy manual labor completely dominated before the revolution, mechanization based on the widespread introduction of coal-cutting machines, electric vehicles and loading mechanisms already in 1940 accounted for 94.8% in cutting and breaking, in delivery - 90.4, in haulage - 58.4, for loading coal into railway cars - 86.5%. In the post-war period, the mechanization of cutting, breaking and delivery of coal, as well as underground transport and loading of coal into railway cars, was fully completed. Great strides have been made in mechanization and other branches of industry. Thus, for example, such outstanding achievements of Soviet technology as new powerful excavators, bulldozers, dredgers and others are used in the construction of hydroelectric power stations.

On the collective farms in 1953, almost all plowing was mechanized; sowing of winter crops is mechanized by 93%, sowing of spring crops by 83%; the sowing of cotton, sugar beets and other industrial crops has been almost completely mechanized; 77% of the area of ​​grain crops was harvested by combines. The mechanization of basic field work on collective farms is being completed. In state farms, the main agricultural work is almost completely mechanized. The mechanization of labor-intensive work in animal husbandry, vegetable growing, horticulture, the transportation, loading and unloading of agricultural products, the mechanization of irrigation, and the drainage of wetlands are being widely developed.

During the post-war period, Soviet mechanical engineering annually creates and masters the production of 600-700 new types of high-performance machines. If in 1940 mechanical engineering produced 84 types of agricultural machines and implements, then in 1950 there were already 222 types. High-speed metal cutting methods, stamping instead of free forging, hardening of parts with high-frequency currents, machine molding of parts and other new methods that give a great economic effect are widely introduced into production.

 Under socialism, comprehensive mechanization is being developed more and more widely. Complex mechanization   means the mechanization of all related stages of the production process, both basic and auxiliary, and is based on a system of machines that complement each other. It eliminates gaps in the mechanization of production. As a result of complex mechanization, an integral system of machines is created,   covering the entire production process.

Thus, for example, in the coal industry, the problem of complex mechanization is solved by using coal combines created by Soviet designers, which combine the operations of cutting, breaking and loading coal onto a conveyor and representing a new word in world technology. The mechanization of the fastening process will make it possible to complete the comprehensive mechanization of coal mining.

The highest level of mechanization is the automation   of production, that is, the use of automatic machines operating on the basis of self-regulation. Closely related to automation is telemechanics,   that is, remote control and monitoring of the operation of mechanisms (remote control). In cases where the entire system of machines, covering the production process as a whole, operates on the basis of self-regulation, there is an automatic system of machines.   The automatic system of machines performs all the production processes necessary for processing raw material into a finished product, without human assistance and needs only control by the worker.

Already in 1951, at the ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the USSR, 95% of all pig iron was smelted in blast furnaces with automatic control of the blast temperature, and 87% of all steel production was smelted in open-hearth furnaces equipped with automatic control of the thermal regime. In mechanical engineering, the fleet of automatic and semi-automatic metalworking machines, forging and pressing machines, as well as automatic control and measuring equipment is increasing every year. Automated equipment has been widely used in the chemical, paper, oil refining and other industries. Automatic systems of machines exist in the USSR in the form of automated lines of machine tools and other mechanisms or in the form of individual automated enterprises.

The high level of mechanization of production under socialism is the basis for the rapid growth of labor productivity and leads to an ever closer convergence of physical labor with mental labor.

The restructuring of all branches of the economy on the basis of large-scale machine production and the consistent mechanization of production processes are closely linked with electrification. Electricity is the technical base of modern large-scale production.

Socialism ensures the planned introduction of electricity into all branches of the national economy. Electrification under socialism is characterized by: firstly, the centralization of electricity generation and the concentration of capacities at large power plants, the rapid development of high-voltage power lines connecting individual stations into powerful regional or inter-district systems with the prospect of forming a single high-voltage network for the entire country; secondly, the extensive construction of hydroelectric power plants and the systematic increase in their share in the total electricity generation, which serves as the most important means of improving the country's energy balance; thirdly, the development of district heating in large cities and industrial centers, the use of low-grade and local fuels.

The electrification of industry is changing the face of factories and plants. Instead of a central engine with a complex transmission mechanism, almost all enterprises have introduced an individual electric drive. The electrification of working machines is the energy basis for the comprehensive mechanization and automation of production. On the basis of the use of electricity, new industries arose - the electrometallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, electrochemistry, as well as new methods of metal processing.

Of great importance for the further electrification of the USSR is the construction of hydroelectric power stations on the Volga, Dnieper, Don and other rivers, which was launched in the Fifth Five-Year Plan. Some of them will be the largest in the world. The construction of these stations provides a comprehensive solution to the problems of obtaining cheap electricity on an enormous scale, the widespread development of the electrification of agriculture and transport, the creation of new electrically intensive industries, the improvement of navigation, etc.

In terms of the level of electrification of industry, the USSR already at the end of the second five-year plan was in first place in the world. In 1952, the level of electrical labor in industry increased by 1.8 times compared with 1940. In the postwar period, an intensified introduction of electricity into agriculture began. At the beginning of 1954, the capacity of rural power plants increased 5 times compared with 1940; Electric energy was used by 30% of all collective farms. The mechanization of threshing, as well as a number of production processes in animal husbandry, on many collective farms and state farms takes place on the basis of the use of electrical energy (forage preparation, water supply, milking cows, shearing sheep, etc.). Electricity is widely introduced into agriculture in the regions of large hydroelectric stations (electric plowing, etc.).

The progress of modern technology is also expressed in the ever wider development of chemistry   and the application of methods for the chemical processing of matter. Chemical methods ensure the acceleration of production processes, the most complete use of raw materials, and allow the creation of new types of raw materials and materials. The chemical industry has become a powerful factor in the technical development of the entire national economy in the USSR. Modern chemical production, as a rule, is automated, proceeding continuously, in closed equipment with automatic control and regulation, without direct human intervention. Chemicalization is the most important condition for increasing crop yields. The creation of an abundance of consumer goods is associated with the widespread chemicalization of agriculture.

The development of the material and production base of socialism is based on the achievements of Soviet advanced science, which is successfully accomplishing the major tasks of improving and consistently introducing higher technology into production. Soviet technical thought occupies a leading position in the solution of a number of new technical problems, in the design of new machines and mechanisms for all branches of production. Soviet designers have priority in the creation of such machines as, for example, mountain combines, many agricultural machines (potato and potato harvesters, flax harvester, beet harvester), new models of modern equipment in the field of energy (high-pressure once-through boiler, the world's largest hydro turbines) , powerful mechanisms for construction, new types of metal-cutting machines and others.

Location of socialist production.

Under socialism, a new distribution of production   and a new system of links between branches of production and regions of the country are taking shape.

In bourgeois society, the pursuit of profit and competition lead to an uneven and irrational distribution of production. Industry is spontaneously concentrated in a few centers, while vast territories, especially the colonial outskirts, are doomed to industrial backwardness. Under socialism, the distribution of production is carried out according to plan, in the interests of increasing the productivity of social labor, strengthening the might of the socialist state, and raising the standard of living of the working people.

The following principles underlie the location of production under socialism.

First, the utmost approximation of production to the sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of industrial and agricultural products. Outlining the foundations of the plan for the reorganization of industry and the general economic upsurge of the country, Lenin pointed out:

“This plan should include:

rational distribution   of industry in Russia from the point of view of the proximity of raw materials and the possibility of the least loss of labor in the transition from processing raw materials to all successive stages of processing semi-finished products up to obtaining a finished product” [3] .

This location of industry makes it possible to make better use of natural resources and eliminate irrational transportation, which ensures significant savings in labor on the scale of the whole society and accelerates the rate of growth of socialist production.

Secondly, the elimination of actual economic inequality between peoples, the rapid economic development of previously backward national regions, which is the material basis for strengthening friendship and cooperation between peoples.

Thirdly, the planned territorial division of labor between economic regions, combined with the comprehensive development of the economy within these regions, taking into account the natural conditions of each region and the economic expediency of the production of certain industrial goods and agricultural products. Comprehensive development of the economy of economic regions, taking into account the needs of a given region for fuel, building materials, mass products of light industry and foodstuffs, reduces excessively long-distance and other irrational transportation, and promotes the mobilization of local sources of raw materials.

Fourthly, the planned distribution of industry throughout the country, ensuring the formation of new cities and industrial centers in previously backward agrarian regions, bringing agriculture closer to industry. This contributes to the destruction of the essential difference between the city and the countryside.

Fifth, strengthening the defense capability of the country of socialism. The presence of a hostile capitalist environment necessitates the especially rapid development of many branches of industry in the interior regions of the country.

As a result of the implementation of these principles in the USSR, the uneven distribution of production inherited from capitalism was eliminated.

The approach of industry to sources of raw materials was expressed primarily in the accelerated development of the eastern regions of the country and the creation of new fuel and metallurgical bases, new centers of mechanical engineering, light industry in the Urals, Western Siberia, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. The newly created industrial centers have become economic and cultural centers, transforming the whole appearance of these regions and regions. The creation of a powerful industrial base in the east of the country was one of the most important conditions for the victory of the Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War.

The total volume of industrial output in the regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, the Far East, Kazakhstan and Central Asia increased in 1953 by more than 3.5 times compared with 1940. In 1953, about one third of all industrial products of the USSR, more than half of the total amount of steel, rolled products and oil, almost half of the total amount of coal and over 40% of electricity. The production of consumer goods increased in these regions. The output of the light and food industries in 1953 increased 2.2 times as compared with 1937, and more than 1.5 times as compared with 1940.

In the Soviet republics - Uzbek, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Turkmen and Tajik, with a population of about 17 million people, electricity was generated in 1953 four and a half times more than in the countries of the East neighboring the USSR - Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan combined, with a population of 130 million.

In terms of the technical equipment of agriculture, these republics are superior to many developed countries of capitalist Europe.

The development of socialist industry in a number of economic regions that previously did not have industry has led to the fact that the old division of regions into industrial and agrarian regions has largely outlived itself. Important changes have taken place in the distribution of agricultural production in the USSR, indicating that the former, one-sided specialization of agriculture in pre-revolutionary Russia is being successfully eliminated. A powerful grain base has been created in the eastern regions of the USSR, a new wheat base has been created in the non-chernozem zone, agricultural crops have been advanced far to the north, and food bases have grown around cities and industrial centers.

The socialist distribution of production is based on the economic zoning of the country. Economic zoning   is the planned division of the entire territory of the country into separate large regions in accordance with their economic and natural features.

The socialist distribution of production ensures the best use of the country's natural resources and labor resources and is an important condition for raising the productivity of social labor, accelerating the rate of production growth, and strengthening the economic might of the USSR.

SUMMARY

1 . The material and production basis of socialism is large-scale machine production, covering all branches of the national economy. Under socialism, the machine serves as a means of saving and facilitating the work of the workers and peasants and of raising the people's well-being. The socialist industry of the USSR is the most concentrated in the world, technically the most advanced and centralized throughout the country; it serves as the basis for the development of all sectors of the economy. Socialist agriculture is the largest and most mechanized in the world; it is a growing source of food and industrial raw materials.

2. The material and production base of socialism is based on the latest achievements of modern advanced science and technology. Socialism eliminated the unevenness inherent in capitalism in the application of machine technology between individual branches and processes of production and ensured the consistent introduction of new technology into all branches of the national economy. The main lines of technological development under socialism are the mechanization and automation of production, the electrification of the national economy, and the widespread use of chemistry.

3. Socialism ensured the planned and rational distribution of production, bringing it closer to the sources. raw materials and consumption areas, overcoming the economic backwardness of national regions, bringing industry and agriculture closer together. The socialist location of production makes it possible to use natural and labor resources expediently, leads to huge savings in the cost of transporting raw materials and products, and is an important factor in accelerating the growth of socialist production and strengthening the country's defense capability.          

[1]  I. V. Stalin, On the tasks of business executives, Works, vol. 13, pp. 33-34.

[2]  V. I. Lenin, Closing remarks on the report on the immediate tasks at the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on April 29, 1918, Works, vol. 27, p. 277.

[3]  V. I. Lenin, Outline of the plan of scientific and technical work, Works, vol. 27, p. 288.