Where the Line of Trotskyism is Leading By G. Zinoviev

Some Facts Regard ing Brest and the First Party Conference after October.

The Differences of Opinion in October and M y M istake at That Time.

To replace Leninism by Trotskyism, that is the task which Comrade Trot­ sky has set out to accomplish. In this respect he had already in 1922, in his book, "1905," attempted "to attain something by allusions." So long as Comrade Lenin held the threads in his hand, Comrade Trotsky decided not to undertake a direct attack. Comrade Trotsky has now obviously decided that "the moment has arrived." Ac­ cording to all the rules of strategy, bef ore one strikes the decisive blow, one must prepare the way by artillery fire. The attack upon the so-called right wing of Bolshevism is intended as a smoke screen, particularly re­ garding the October failures of the writer of these lines.

It is an actual fact that at the be­ ginning of November, 1917, I commit­ ted a great error. This error was freely admitted by me and made good in the course of a few days. As, how­ ever, these days were not ordinary days but very fatef ul days, as this was a time of extremest tension, the error was highly dangerous.

In any event I will not minimize the extent of this error.

It was precisely because of the ex­ traordinary tension of these times that Vladimir Ilyitch so energetically opposed our error. All these extreme­ ly draconic punitive meansures, which he at that time proposed against us, all the passionate chastising which he infilicted, were of course thoroly jus­ tified. In the shortest time af ter these events, some weeks afterwards, at the commencement of the disputes over the Brest peace, Vladimir Ilyitch, as the whole C. C. and all the leading circles of the party are aware, regard­ ed these diff erences of opinion as com- pletely liquidated.

In his speech on "Trotskyism or Leninism," Comrade Stalin very right­ ly remarks that in the September-Oc­ tober period as a result of a number of circumstances, the revolution en­ deavored to carry out every step un­ der the form of def ense. This was to be understood af ter all the shilly shallying connected with the Kornilof period.· I, who at that time was liv­ ing illegally, f ell a victim to my fail­ ure precisely owing to this peculiarity of that phase of October.

When Comrade Lenin reverted to our error, three years af ter it had been committed, he wrote as follows :

"Immediately before the October revolution, and soon af terwards, a number of excellent Communists in Russia committed errors, of which one does not like to be reminded. Why not ? Because it is not right, except on a special occasion, to ref er to such errors, which have been completely made good. They showed hesitations in the period in question in that they feared that the Bolsheviki would iso­ late themselves and undertake too great a risk in holding aloof too much from a certain section of the menshe­ viki · and of the social revolutionaries.

The conflict went so far that the comrades in  question, as a demonstration, resigned from all responsible posts, both in the party and in the Soviet, to the greatest joy of the enemies of the social revolution. The  matter  led  to the most bitter polemics in the  press on the part  of the C. C. of our party against those who had resigned. And after some weeks, at the most af ter some months, all these comrades per­ ceived their errors  and  returned  to their responsible posts in  the party and the Soviets." (Lenin, Collected Works, Volume XVII., Page 373.)

Comrade Lenin makes no ref erence whatever to a "right wing."

For myself , I endeavored more than once, bef ore the party and bef ore the whole Comintern, to deal with my er­ ror. I spoke of it, for example at the opening of the 4th World Congress of October as follows :

"Allow me to say a word regarding a :personal matter. It seems to ·me that I, particularly now on the 5th an­ niversary of the revolution, am called upon to say that which I am about to say. You are aware comrades that five years ago I, along with some other comrades, made a great mis­ take, which, as I believe, was the greatest mistake I have ever made in my lif e. At that time I failed to es­ timate. correctly the whole counter­ revolutionary nature of the menshe­ viki. Therein lies the nature of our mistake bef ore October 1917. Altho we had fought against the mensheviki for over ten years, nevertheless, I, as well as many other comrades, could not at the decisive moment get rid of the idea that the mensheviki and

S. R., altho they were only the right fraction and the right wing, neverthe­ less f ormed a portion of the working class. As a matter of fact they were and are the "lef t," extremely skillf ul. pliable and therefore especially dan­ gerous wing of the international bour­ geoisie. I theref ore believe, comrades, that it is our duty to remind all our comrades. . . etc."

I spoke of our error in the most widely circulated book from my pen,in  the  "History  of  the  R.  C.  P."  and on  numerous  earlier  occasions.

To consider the writer of these lines as belonging to the "right .wing" of the Bolsheviki, is simply absurd. The whole of the Bolshevik Party is aware that I, working hand in hand with Comrade Lenin in the course of nearly 20 years, never once had even a sharp diff erence of opinion with him, except in the one case men­ tioned. The epoch of the years 1914- 1917, from the commencement of the imperialist war up to the commence­ ment of the proletarian revolution in our country, was a not unimportant epoch. Precisely in these years there took place the decisive regroupings in the camp of the international labor movement. The books, "Socialism and War" (1915) and "Against the Stream,'' are sufficient witness that during that time I in no way came for­ ward as representative of a right wing of Bolshevism.

At the April conf erences of 1917, the importance of whiCh Comr Trotsky misrepresents, I had not the smallest diff erence of opinion with Comrade Lenin. In the dispute be­ tween Comrade Trotsky on the one side and Comrades Kamenev, Nogin and Rykov on the other side, I was wholly on the side of Comrade Lenin, as was to be seen from a number of my reports and speeches at the April conf erence. The whole dispute was naturally confined within the limits of Bolshevism - as Comrade Lenin and the party regarded it-and only under the pen of Comrade Trotsky does it assume the form of a strug­ gle of a "right wing" against the party.

Not the least diff erences of opinion occurred between myself and Com­ rade Lenin during and af ter the July days. We had the opportunity to test this at our leisure in the course of several weeks as long as I lived together with Vladimir Ilyitch in hid­ ing. The diff erence of opinion was noticed by me at the beginning of October, af ter the liquidation of the Kotnilov period, af ter the article of Comrade  Lenin,  "On   Compromises" (in  this  article  Lenin  proposed,  un­ der certain conditions, an agreement with the mensheviki and the  S.  R.) . My error consisted in the fact that I endeavored to continue the line of the article "On Compromises" some days later. In all only a few days, but the days at  the  time  counted  as  months.

In the famous sitting of the Central Committee of the 10th of October, at which the revolt was decided on, and at which for the first time diff erences of opinion regarding the time to be fixed for the revolt and as to judging the prospects in the constitutional as­ sembly arose between me and Kam­ enev on the one side and the rest of, the members of the C. C. on the other side, the first political bureau of the

C. C. for the leadership of the revolt was created. The seven following comrades were elected to the polit­ bureau : Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Stalin, Sokolnikov and Bub­ nov. In the no less important joint meeting of the Central Committee and a number of Petrograd functionaries on October 16, af ter the debates be­ tween Comrade Lenin and ourselves, 19 votes were cast for the motion of Comrade Lenin in its final form ; 2 were against and 4 neutral ; while my motion was introduced by Comrade Volodarsky as an amendment to the motion of Comrade Lenin. My amend­ ment read that "in the next five days bef ore meeting our comrades and be­ fore discussion we must not arrange any revolt." My written motion,) which was submitted to the vote at this meeting, read : "Without post­ poning the measures for investigation and preparation, it be decided that no action be permitted bef ore consult­ ation with the Bolshevist section of the Soviet Congress."

It was at this time that Comrade Lenin wrote his famous article against us. I continued to work dil­ igently for the Pravda. When the action was finally decided on, in order to silence the exaggerated rumors which had appeared in the press re­ gard ing our diff erences I wrote a short letter to the editor which was published by the central organ with a comment of the editor that the dis­ pute was ended and that in essentials we  were and remained  of  one mind. ( Pravda, Nov. 21, 1917.)

The unsigned leading article which appeared in our central organ, Rabot­ shi Putj (The Path of the Workers), which appeared in place of Pravda, on the day of the revolt, Oct. 25, was written by me. The second article was likewise written by me and was· signed by me. In this last article we read :

"It is a great task which conf ronts the second Soviet congress. The events of history are following each other with breathless speed The/\ final hour is approaching. The least further hesitation brings the danger of immediate collapse. "

"The last hopes for a peacef ul solu­ tion of the crisis are past. The last peacef ul hopes which-I must confess u p to the last days were cherished by the writer of these lines, have been dispelled by facts."

"All Power to the Soviets.-lt is here that everything is being concentrated at the present historical moment."

In the number of our central organ, Rabotshi Putj, which appeared on Oc­ tober 26, a short report was published of my first speech af ter the period of illegality in the sitting of the Petro grad Soviet on Oct. 25, the day of the revolt. Here we read as follows:

The Speech of Zinoviev.

"Comrades, we are now in the period of revolt. I believe however that no doubt can exist regarding the out­ come of the revolt-we shall be vic­ torious!

"I am convinced that the over­ whelming portion of the peasantry will come over to our side as soon as they become acquainted with our pro­ posals regarding the land question.

"Long live the social revolution, which is now beginning. Long live the Fetrogard working class who still achieve the final victory.

"Today we have paid our debt to the international proletariat and de­ livered a terrible blow to the war, a blow at the breast of all imperialists, the greatest blow at the breast of the hangman, Wilhelm.

"Down with the war ; long live inter­ national peace!"

Sharp diff erences arose in our cir­ cle again in the first days of Novem­ ber (according to old calendar ) at the moment when the right S. R. and mensheviki were already shattered and when it was the question whether we would not succeed in bringing over the lef t S. R. and the best sec­ tion of the mensheviki to the side of the Soviet power. In these days I had to take part with other comrades in the famous negotiations with the then existing organization of the rail­ waymen. These negotiations led to a complete agreement of the C. C. of our party with the then Central Ex­ ecutive Committee of the Workers' and Peasants' Councils. These diff er­ ences lasted actually from two tol three days, but during this time they were exceedingly heated.

On Nov. 2, 1917, the C. C. of our party, in the presence of Comrade Lenin, adopted a resolution which, among other things, stated :

"The C. C. confirms that, without having excluded anybody from the Second Soviet Congress it is even now fully prepared to note the return of the Soviet members who have re­ signed (as is known the right S. R. and the mensheviki withdrew from the Second Soviet Congress) and to recognize the coalition with those who have withdrawn from the Soviets that, theref ore the assertions that the

Bolsheviki will not share power with anybody are absolutely devoid of foundation.

"The C. C. confirms that on the day of the formation of the present gov­ ernment, a f ew hours bef ore its form­ ation, it invited to its session three representatives of the lef t S. R. and formally invited them to participate in the government.  The  ref usal  of  the lef t S. R., even tho it was only limited to a certain time and subject  to  cer­ tain  conditions,  places  on  them  the f ull responsibility for the  agreement not being arrived at."  ( Pravda,  No. 180. Vol. 4, Nov. 17, 1917.)

This paragraph of the resolution, which was doubtless written by Com­ rade Len n. must be specially noted by the reader in order the better to understand that which follows:

In the Pravda (the central organ of our party was on October 30 again named the Pravda) we read in No. 180, of Nov. 4, the following extract from my speech which I delivered at the session of the Central Executive Committee of the S. R. and of the so­ cial democrats on Nov. 2, ·1917:

"In the name of the C. C. of the Rus­ sian social democratic labor party (at that time our party was not yet a Communist Party) , I declare that the comrades of the S. R. (it was the question of the lef t S. R. whom the

C. C. of our party, with Comarde Len­ in at the head, tried at that time to induce to participate in the first So­ viet government) should not have started to criticize us Bolsheviki while events were taking place in the streets of Moscow regarding which our Moscow delegates have reported today. (At this time the struggle for the Soviet power was still going on in Moscow.) On this occasion we re­ mind the comrades of the S. R. that bef ore we published the composition cf our government we called upon them to take part in the government, but they declared that they would take part in the work of the govern­ ment, but for the time being would not enter the government."

At the session of the Petrograd So­ viet of Nov. 3, 1917, the writer stated : "Comrades, there are among us comrades from the Red Army, soldiers and sailors, who in a f ew . hours will hasten to the aid of our Moscow comrades and brothers. (Loud and prolonged applause.) The revolution­ ary military committee wished two days ago to send help, but met with obstacles precisely from those quart­ ers from which one could only have expected support. I speak here of some leading circles of the railway employes, who in these hours so fate­ f ul for the revolution have adopted a 'nuetral' attitude. In these terrible hours, however, one cannot be 'neither hot or cold'-I do not wish to speak too sharply, but you yourselves will understand comrades, how the future will judge the facts.

"Just recently a transport of troops to Moscow was held up. When the leaders of the railway workers' union were asked how they act in this man­ ner, they replied : We have also held up transports from the other side.'

"We must appeal to the lower sec­ t1ons of the railwaymen and explain to them what 'neutrality' means un­ der present conditions. I do not doubt that 99 per cent of the lower sections of the railway employes and workers will side with the fighting soldiers and workers. A whole num­ ber of central committees are sitting on the fence. Unfortunately, among these is the central committee of the railway workers. No one could have foreseen that the leading organ of the railway workers would preserve 'neu­ trality' whilst workers and soldiers were fighting on the barricades. This state of aff airs must be ended. The railway proletariat must stand like one man on the side of the fighting workers and soldiers, they must help them to break the resistance of the bourgeoisie and of the landowners . . . "Greetings to the comrades who are hastening to the help of the revolu­ tionaries in Moscow (long and stormy applause ) . Now we are giving back to Moscow what it gave the revolu­ tion in 1905. At that time the Mos­ cow proletariat began the revolt, and delivered the first blow against despot­ ism. We are happy that we are now able to help, that we now have the possibility of throwing our victorious troops on the Moscow front.

"Long live the comrades proceeding to Moscow-all Russia is watching them."

On the evening of Nov. 3, and on the morning of the 4th, our negotia­ tions with the lef t S. R. and with that conf erence which had invited the leaders of the railway workers' un­ ion, arrived at the most critical stage. At this moment we committed the greatest errors. The famous declara­ tion of some comrades, among them myself , in the C. C. of the Bolsheviki and the Council of the People's Com­ missaires (regarding the resignation of our responsible posts owing to the obstinacy of our C. C.) was signed on Nov. 4, 1917, and on Nov. 7, 1917, my "Letter to the Comrades" was pub­ lished in the Pravda (No. 183) . In this letter we said : (I quote the most important part.)

"The Central Committee of the All­ Russian Soviet Congress placed in the f oreground a definite plan of agree­ ment (the resolution of Nov. 3) , which I fully agree with, as it demands the immediate recognition of the decrees regarding the land, peace, workers' control, and the recognition of the So­ viet power.

"In reply to the resolution of the C. E. C. the mensheviki submitted a num ber of preconditions. The C. E. C., as it did not wish to place any diffi­ culties in the way, adopted a resolu­ tion proposed by us which removed the hindrances in the way of these negotiations.

"In spite of this the other side would not make any concessions to the C. E. C. The conditions submitted by the latter were rejected by the mensheviki and the S. R. The at­ tempt to arrive at an agreement was consistently carried out in spite of all obstacles; it led, however, to no re­ sult. It is now evident that the men­ sheviki and the S. R. did not want an understanding and only sought for a pretext to wreck it.

"Now all the workers and soldiers will know who bears the responRi'oil· ity for the wrecking of the agreement. Now-I am convinced-also t.he lef t

S. R. will throw the blame for the wrecking of the understanding upon the mensheviki and into our govern­ ment.

"In the present state of aff airs I ad­ here to the proposition of the com­ rades and withdraw my declaration regarding resignation from the C. C.

"I appeal to my immediate comrades. Comrades. We made a great sacri­ fice when we openly raised a protest against the majority of our C. C. and demanded the agreement. This agree­ ment, however, was rejected by the other side. We are liv­ ing in a serious, responsible time. It is our duty to warn the party of errors. But we remain with the party, we pref er to commit errors along with the millions of workers and soldiers and to die with them than to stand aside from them at this de­ cisive historical moment.

There will and shall be no split in our party.

Since Nov. 8, I participated as prev­ iously in the work of our C. C. On Nov. 9, I spoke in its name at the All­ Russian Peasants' Congress, and on Nov. 10, at the session of the Petro­ grad Soviet. Here I said that we would recognize the constituent as­ sembly, "if the constituent assembly would give expression to the actual will of the workers, soldiers and peas­ ants."

Naturally, now af ter seven years, it seems monstrous to every member of1 our party how one could deceive him­ self with regard to the real forces of the leaders of the railwaymen and those alleged internationalists from the camp of the S. R. and mensheviki grouped round the railway leaders. Of course, in order to understand the situation one must place oneself in the position obtaining at the time.-It was not until six months af ter the Oc­ tober revolt  that  it  became  evident that the  lef t S. R. had also become a counter-revolutionary force. In Octo­ ber, 1917, however, they were express­ ly invited  by  Comrade Lenin  and our C. C. to participate in our first Soviet; government, as they were then con­ nected with a large section of the peasants and with a portion of the workers. In fact, even the negotia­ tions with the leaders of the railway­ men's union were, as the reader has seen, conducted with the approval of the C. C.

The result of the exposure of the mensheviki and of the S. R. on the occasion of the railway workers' con­ ference was, that the lef t S. R., whom Comrade Lenin had formerly in vain called upon to participate in the So­ viet government, now entered into it ; altho some days bef ore the lef t S. R. had the intention even to resign from the C. E. C., which under the condi­ tions then existing would have meant a severe blow for the Bolsheviki and would have hindered the winning of the peasantry.

In Pravda, of Nov 4, we read :

"The fraction of the lef t S. R. in the C. E. C. submitted an ultimative dec­ laration regarding the necessity of drawing up of a platf orm in the name of the C. E. C. The C. E. C. agreed to this demand and in the name of the C. E. C. a platf orm was drawn up." It was just the rejection of this platform by the mensheviki and the S. R. at the conf erence convened by the railway leaders which led to the change in the tactics of the lef t S. R. in favor of the Soviet power.

At t h is time there was published in the Pravda a number of resolutions from !-he most important in which we find the following:

···whilst we regard the agreement of the socialist parties as desirable, we workers declare that the agreement can only be reached on the basis of the following conditions . . . " (These conditions were practically the same as our reIJresentatives had submitted to the railway  men's conf erence.)

In our attitude during these days there was again reflected the hesita­ tion of these workers-in this respect our error was not a personal, not an accid( ntal error.

Now , seven years af terwards, do not the words in the resolution of our Central Committee that "the asser­ t ion that the Bolsheviki would not share power with anybody is devoid of all foundation" sound monstrous 'from our present standpoint ? And ye t these words were written down by Comrade Lenin on Nov. 3, 1917, and approved by our C. C. Everyone who reflects over these facts, every­

one who remembers that the lef t S. R. at tha t time represented an import­ ant section of the peasants, everyone who reflects at all over the conditions at that time, will understand the ex­ tent and the character of our error. It was a great, but nevertheless not a "socia democratic" error.

We, of course do not say that in order to prove that our error was a small one. We stood outside of the

C. C. of the party only for three days from the 4th to 7th of November. In spite of this error, as we already said at the opening session of the 4th World Congress of the Comintern, was the greatest error we made in our life. The only thing we wish to prove is that it is not correct to draw from this error the conclusion that there existed a "right wing" in Bolshevism. Every one who experienced those! historical days knows that these dif­ ferences, how much they strained the relations of such near comrades and friends, lef t no bitter feeling behind. Everybody adopted a sincere attitude towards the others without attempting to "make use of" these errors for "diplomatic," fractionist purposes. Everybod y understood that only the exceptional moment led to exceptional means of solving diff erences, which arose like a whirlwind but which, like a whirlwind soon calmed down with out causing great damage.

These diff erences were swept away by th e avalanche of fresh events­ they remained isolated with the lead­ ing circles of the party. A few days passed and the error was admitted by those who had committed it and the general staff of the party and the whole party could proceed to the solu­ tion of actual tasks. These diff erenceb have lef t behind such little traces in the party that at the first party con­ ference (seventh ) which took place af­ ter the October revolt (which dealt already with the question of the Brest Peace) , nobod y mentioned a single word regard ing these diff erences.

Nobod y reproached us regarding this error, altho it so happened that I, on behalf of the C. C., had to fight en­ ergetically against Comrade Trotsky and the "lef t," ( *) and it is clear that the part y under the fresh impres­ sion of the d iff erences, would have at­ tacked the guilty ones if they had es­ timated this guilt as Comrade Trot­ sky does now.

Comrade Trotsky now says in the "Lessons of October," seven years af­ ter these events, that our attitude to the question of the Brest Peace was one of capitulation. What did Trot­ sky himself say on this 7th party con­ gress some weeks af ter the October diff erences:

"Bef ore the last journey to Brest­ Litovsk we discussed during the whole time the question of our f urther tac­ tics. And there was only one vote in the C. C. in favor of immediately signing the peace : that of Zinoviev. (We assert that there was not only one vote, but also Lenin, Stalin and Sverdlov said the same thing; Com­ rade Kamenev was arrested in Fin­ lond. G. Z.)

( ·) It is interesting to men tion the result of the election of the new C. C. at this party conf erence. The writer of these lines received only one vote less than Comrade Lenin.

What he said was, from his stand point, quite correct. I was fully in agreement with him. He said, that hesitation would  only  render worse the peace conditions, and that they mus.t be signed at once." ( Min­ utes of the  7th  Party  Conf erence, Page 79.)

If the proposal to sign the Brest Peace was a "capitulation," then Com­ rade Lenin was .a "capitulator." (As a matter of fact, the tactics of Trot­ sky at that time would have led to the downf all of the revolution, i. e., to an actual capitulation.) If Comrade Trotsky himself spoke in the above mentioned way as to this aff air, who can give credit to his present ultra­ polemic remarks? Is it not evident that all this has been discovered af­ terwards?

At the 7th Party Congress the de­ bates turned upon quite other ques­ tions. It was Comarde Trotsky this time who submitted a declaration re­ garding his resignation from all re­ sponsible posts.**

(**) "The party conf erence, the highest authority of the party, has indirectly repudiated the policy which I, with other. comrades from our Brest-Litovsk delegation f ollowed, and which from two sides had a certain in­ ternational repercussion ; both among the working class and among the rul­ ing class. This policy rendered the name of the members of this delega­ tion the most hated by the bourgeoisie of Germany and Austria. Today the whole German and Austro-Hungarian press is f ull of accusations against the Brest-Litovsk delegation, and particu­ larly against me personally ; they de­ clare that we are responsible for the collapse of the peace and for all the further unf ortunate results. Whether this is the view of the Party Conf er­ ence or not, it has by its last vote con­ firmed this assertion and I theref ore resign every responsible post with1 which the party has hitherto entrust­ ed me." (Speech of Comrade Trot­ sky at the 7th Party Conf erence, March 1918.)

Against Trotsky and against the "lef t" Communists, there was di­ rected the resolution of Lenin and Zinoviev ( Minutes Page 3) , and as re­ gards resignation f rom the C. C. in general, Comrade Lenin said the f ol­ lowing words :

"I also found myself in a similar sit­ uation in the C. C. when the proposal was adopted not to sign the peace, and I kept silent without closing my eyes to the fact that I could not take over responsibility for this. Every member of the C. C. is free to repudi­ ate responsibility without resigning from the C. C. and without creating a scandal. It is, of course, permissable under certain conditions, and is some­ times even unavoidable; but whether that was necessary just now, with this organization of the Soviet power which enables us to control in so far as we do not lose contact with the masses, there can only exist one opin­ ion."

At the 7th Party Congress Comrade Trotsky, who at that time had only been six months in our party, pro­ voked the first Trotsky crisis. Since that time, unf ortunately, these crises occur periodically.

II. Revision of Leninism under the Flag of Lenin.

The last attack of Comrade Trot­ sky (the "Lessons of October") is nothing else than a f airly open at­ tempt to revise-or even directly to liquidate-the f oundation of Leninism. It will only require a short time and this will be plain to the whole of our party and to the whole International. The "novelty" in this attempt con­ sists in the f act that, out of "strateg­ ical" considerations, it is attempted to carry out this revision in the name of Lenin.

We experienced something similar at the beginning of the campaign of Bernstein and his followers, when they began the "revision" of the foun­ dation of Marxism. The ideas of

Marx were already so generally recognized in the international labor move­ men t, that  even  their  revision,  at least at the  beginning had to be un­ dertaken in the name of Marx. A quarter of a century was necessary before the revisionists could finally throw aside their mask and openly pronounce that, in the field of theory, they had entirely broken away from Marx. This took place  in  a  most open manner, in literature, only in the year 1924, in the recently published collection of articles devoted to the 70th birthday  of Kautsky.

The - ideas of Leninism at present predominate to such an extent in the international revolutionary movement

-and particularly in our country­ that the "critics" of Leninism con­ sider it necessary to have recourse to similar methods. They undertake the revision of Leninism "in the name of Lenin," citing Lenin, emphasizing their fidelity to the principles of Len­ m1sm. This "strategy" however does not help. It is alread y seen through; by the Leninist party. It only needs a few weeks and all the sparrows on the house-tops will be twittering over the collapse of this remarkable strat­ egy. Comrade Trotsky has overlooked one trifle : that our party is so Lenin­ ist and so mature that it is capable of distinguishing Leninism from Trot­ skyism.

The attack on Comrade Trotsky is an attack with inadequate means. Nobody will succeed in liquidating the foundations of Leninism, or carry­ ing out even a partial revision of the principles of Leninism, or even suc­ ceed in getting Trotskyism recognized as a "justifiable tendency" within Len­ inism. 

Nobody will succeed in convinc­ ing the party that we now need some sort of synthesis of Leninism and Trotskyism. Trotskyism is as fit to be a constituent part of Leninism as a spoonf ul of tar can be a constituent part of a vat of honey. What is Leninism ? Leninism is the Marxism of the epoch of the imperial­ ist wars in the world revolution which began in a country where the peasantry perponderate. Lenin was from head to foot a proletarian revo- 1utionary. But he knew at the same time that he had to work in a coun­ try in which the peasantry predomin­ ated, and in which the proletariat therefore can only be victorious when it adopts a correct attitude towards the peasantry. Af ter Lenin already in the revolution of 1905 had issued the slogan of "the democratic dicta­ torship of the proletariat and of the peasantry," he did not cease for a single moment to be a proletarian rev­ olutionary ; he made no concession to bourgeois democracy (the mensheviki, among them Comrade Trotsky, ac­ cused Comrade Lenin at that time that he, who called himself Marxist, was an ideologist of bourgeois dem­ ocracy ) , but he was the only one who not with mere words, but by deeds, prepared the way for the socialist revolution in a situation when bour­ geois democracy was still a force and was capable of shattering czarist des­ potism.

Lenin f elt himself at that time to be the recognized leader of the prole­ tarian revolution-and this he was in f act. He knew and believed that the Bolshevik Party, that is, the gen­ uine advance-guard of the proletariat, would help the working class as far as possible on the road to the realiza­ tion of its class aims, that is to pro­ ceed on the road to the victory of the proletarian revolution. He knew that he and his party, in every country, would do everything possible to ex­ tract from this situation the maximum\ f or the final aim of the proletarian revolution. He so understood the con­ nection between the bourgeois-demo­ cratic and the proletarian-socialist revolution, that the first precedes the second, that the second solves in pass­ ing the questions of the first, that the second confirms the works of the first.

And as Lenin knew this, he man­ euvered with the mastership of a gen­ ius in three revolutions, always at the head of the working class, always concretizing his tactics so that every suitable   historical   situation   is   used to its f ullest limits in  the  interests  of his class. Lenin was, on Oct. 24, 1917, not the same man that he  became  on Oct. 26, 1917.  "Who  laughs  last, laughs the longest" wrote Lenin some days before the  October revolution in an article on the party program.

Therefore Lenin defended at that time among other things the necessity of retaining the minimum program. But on the morrow, af ter the victory of the October insurrection, the in­genious commander of the working class was not the same as he was one day before this victory. My class has become stronger, the enemies of my class have become weaker, the forces of the workers' revolution have in­ creased, hence theref ore, more press­ ure, more boldly forwards! That is the real Lenin! He knows that it is a very difficult way along which one has to lead millions of workers, be­ hind whom, if we wish to be victor­ ious, there must foll ow the millions and millions of peasa nts of our coun­ try.

From the great slogan : "demo­ cratic dictatorship . of the proletariat and of the peasantry" (1905-1907 ) via the "dictatorship of the proletariat and the poorest peasants" (1917 ) to the actual "dictatorship of the prole­ tal'iat" which will be realized on the basis of "alliance with the peasantry"

-that is the road of Leninism.

From menshevism of · the Axelrod type (1903-1905) via the "permanent" (1905-1907 ) variation of menshevism, to the complete abandonment of the revolution and its substitution by the menshevik free coalition (1909-1914) , to the policy of vacillations (block with Tzeid se and fight against the Zimmerwald Lef t ) during the war (1914-1917 )-that is the road of old Trotskyism.

If one considers the literary history of Bolshevism, one can say that it is essentially contained in the following works of Lenin : From "The Friends of the People," along with "Develop­ ment of Capitalism," to "What is to be Done ?" along "Two Kinds of Tactics" to the "State and Revolution" with "The Renegade Kautsky." These are the most important literary sign posts of Leninism.

Let us consider what these sign posts indicate ? "The Friends of the People" and "The Development of Capitalism" constitute a penetrating analysis of the theory of Marxism and the most concrete, prof ound study of economics and of the social structure of that country in which Bolshevism commences to come into action. "What is to be Done ?" along with "Two Kinds of Tactics" is the incomparable criticism of social democratic optim­ ism, the unsur passed elucidation of the role of the workers' party in the revolution together with the laying down of the tactics of the proletariat in a peasant country on the eve of the bourgeois-democratic revolution which one must endeavor so to carry thru that it begins as soon as possible to develop into the socialist revolution The "State and Revolution" and the "Renegade Kautsky" are the applica­ tion of Leninism to the world arena, are along with the book "Imperial­ ism, the Latest Stage of Capitalism" the most prof ound analysis of the latest imperialism and the laying down of the tactics of the already be­ ginning socialist revolution, which grows out from the first, i. e., the bourgeoif -democratic revolution.

Compare all this with Trotskyism !

If Lenin is the classical type of the proletarian revolutionary, Trotsky is the "classical" type of the intellectual revolutionary. The latter has of course certain strong features, he suc­ ceeds sometimes in combining with the proletarian mass, but that which forms the nature of his political ac1 tivity is the intellectual revolutionar­ ism.

We give below a compressed politi­ cal description of the lif e of Trotsky ism which possesses the authority of coming from  the pen  of  Lenin :

"He, Trotsky, was in the year 1903 a menshevik, lef t this party in 1904, returned to the mensheviki in 1905 and paraded round with ultra-revolu­ tionary phrases. In 1906 he again abandoned this party ; at the end of 1906 he again def ended the election alliance with the cadets and in the spring of 1907 he stated at the Lon­ don Conf erence that the diff erence be­ tween him and Rosa Luxemburg rath­ er constituted a diff erence of individ u­ al shades of opinion than a diff erencej of political tendency. Today Trotsky borrows some ideas from the one frac­ tion and tomorrow from the other and theref ore considers himself as a man standing above both fractions." (Leni in's Collected Works, Vol. XI, Part II. Page 308-309.)

"Never in a single serious question of Marxism has Trotsky had a firm opinion, he always squeezes himself in a division between this or that diff erence of opinion and always runs from one side to the other. At pres­ ent he is in the company of the 'Bund' and of the liquidators."

Thus wrote Lenin in an article in the revue, Enlightenment, published in 1914.

"However well meant the intentions of Martow and Trotsky may be sub-I jectively, objectively they support by their tolerance Russian imperialism." Thus wrote Lenin in the Socialdem­ okrat, No. 1, October, 1916.

Let us compare the literary sign posts of Bolshevism with those indi­ cating the road to development of Trotskyism. These are the following books of Comrade Trotsky : "Our Political Tasks" ( 1903) , "Our Revolu­ tion" ( 1905-1906 ) , then his collabora­ tion to the liquidatory jou rnal, Nasha Sarja (Our Dawn ), then a bright mo- ment-the book over Kautsky (1919 ) which was followed by the "New Course," and "The Lessons of Octo­ ber" (1923-1924 ) . The retrograde de­ velopment of Comrade Trotsky finds particular sharp expression in the two last named works.

What was the book : "Our Political Tasks ?" This book which appeared with the dedication of the menshevist patriarch, P. A. Axelrod, was the most vulgar menshevist book which the his­ tory of menshevist literature has ever known. In this book Comrade Trot­ sky came to th e conclusion of a lib­ eral labor policy.

And what was the book : "Our Rev­ olution," the most lef t of the books of Trotsky in the first epoch ? In this book (see also his book "1905") there was laid down the notorious theory of the "permanent revolution" which Comrade Trotsky is now attempting to impose upon Bolshevism. This "theory" was regarded by Comrade Lenin and all the Bolsheviki as a variety of menshevism. Not every­ bod y will remem ber that in this "lef t" book in which Comrade Trotsky to a certain extent def ended the "workers" revolution against the Bolshevik idea of a democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry. Trot­ sky wrote :

"But how far can the socialist pol1 icy of the working class go under th e economic conditions of Russia ? One can ti1ay one thing with certainty: it will much rather encounter political hind rances than be supported by the technical backward ness of the coun· try. ·without direct state support of

the European proletariat the working class of Russia will not be able to maintain power and transform their temporary rule into a long enduring socialist dictatorship. One cannot doubt this for a moment." (Trotsky: 1 "Our Revolution," 1904. Russian edi­ tion, Page 277-288.)

What is the meaning of the state support of the European proletariat ? In order to possess the possibility of aff ording state support to the Russian revolution, the European proletariat would first have to capt ure power in Europe. In the year 1905, and in gen­ eral u p to the war 1914-1918, there could be no talk of  this.  But  Trot­ sky preached the "permanent" revolu­ tion in the year  1905.

What is to be inf erred from this? Only this that Trotsky in the year 1905 either did not seriously believe in any permanent revolution or that he preached the permanent revolution in 1905 only under the condition that the European proletariat aff orded us "state support," which meant that Trotsky "postponed" the workers rev­ olution in Russia until the victory of the proletarian revolution in Europe. In the latter case Trotsky appears as the representative of the most stereo­ typed social democratic standpoint : Let "them" first make the revolution and then "we" will "immediately" make the workers' revolution.

Trotsky wrote in those times a great deal as to a victorious Russian revolution being only possible as a part of a victorious international revo­ lution, for western European capital supported czarism with loans, etc. There was a grain of truth in this and here Trotsky only repeated that which the Bolsheviki said. But Trotsky as usual conceived this connection of the Russian revolution with the interna­ tional revolution too mechanically.

Comrade Trotsky did not grasp the concrete way of the revolution in our country. He does not even yet grasp the actual importance of the peasantry in our revolution. If any proof were necessary for this, Trotsky has pro­ vided this in his last work, "The Les­ sons of October." We quote the f ol­ lowing :

"It was precisely the unripeness of the revolution under the thoroly unique conditions created by the war which delivered the leadership over to the petty bourgeois revolutionaries which consisted in the f act that they def ended the historical claim of the bourgeois to power. This, however, does not mean that the revolution could only follow that road which it followed from February to October, 1917. This last road resulted not merely from the class relations but from those temporary conditions cre­ ated by the war.

"As a result of the war the peasantry appeared in the organized and armed form of the army comprising many millions. Before the proletariat could organize itself under its own flag in, order to draw the masses of the vil­ lage behind it, the petty bourgeois revolutionaries f ound a natural sup­ port in the peasant army exasperated by the war. With the weight of this army of millions which everything immediately depended the petty bour­ geois revolutionaries exercised press­ ure upon the proletariat and at first drew it af ter them. That the course of the revolution could have been dif ­ f erent with the same class bases is best proved by the events which pre­ ceded the war." (Lesson of October, Page 18-19.)

The road from February till Octo­ ber 1917, resulted, as you can see, not only from the class relations, but also from those temporary ( !) conditions created by the war. What is the meaning of this brain wave ? It as­ sumes that the war did not arise from the class relations, that is to say it was a mere chance event. Now, the Russo-Ja panese war, out of which grew 1905, the general rehearsal of 1917-was it also a chance ? Was that not also created by the tempor­ ary conditions? What prof undity of thought!

If there had been no imperialist war-and Leninism teaches that the imperialist war is the inevitable out­ come of imperialism, as the latest stage of capitalism, theref ore of the course of the class war ; if Russia had not been a peasant country and there­ fore its vast army had not been a peasant army of a dozen millions; if this peasant army had not been rend­ ered desperate by the imperialist war which the bourgeoisie had to conduct ; if the weight of more than hundred millions of peasants had not exercised pressure upon the whole course of the social-political lif e of the countrY then the development of the revolu­ tion would have proceeded according to Trotsky and the astonished human­ ity would have experienced the apotheosis of Trotskyism.

It apparently has never occurred to our author that "if if s and ands were pots and pans" if there had not been an imperialist war with all its inevit­ able consequences, there would prob­ ably never had been the revolution of 1917, and no such relatively easy vic­ tory. Our author is also obviously un­ aware that precisely the development of the revolution from February to October, 1917, confirmed "in passing" the already obvious truth that the whole Trotskyism with its theory of its "permanent" revolution was noth­ ing else than a cleverly thought-out intellectual scheme which was cut ac­ cording to the requirements of men­ shevism.

Let us ref er once more to Comrade Lenin :

"Hence their (the mensheviki) mon­ strous, idiotic, renegade idea that the dictatorship of the porletarfat and· of the peasantry contradicts every course of economic development. With us there appears at every crisis of our epoch (1905-1909 ) a general democratic movement of the mushik and to ig­ nore thi would be a profound error which in f act would lead to menshe­ vism." Thus wrote Lenin in Decem­ ber, 1909.

But Comrade Trotsky even in the year 1924 does not understand that the. role of the mushik in such a crisis. as 1917 was not by chance not re­ moved from the course of the class struggle.

It is obvious that it has also never occurred to our author that the course of the great _revolution between Feb­ ruary and October, 1917, wonderf ully

confirmed Leninism, . among other things· in that section ill which Lenin with the theoretical ruthlessness pe­ culiar to him, deals with the Trotsky­ist variety of menshevism.

A collaborator of Comrade Trotsky and the "editor" of his book, 1917, Comrad e Lenzner, asserts in all seri­ ousness that already in the articles written by Trotsky at the beginning of March, 1917, in America in the paper, Novy Mir ( New World ) , he an­ ticipated the attitude to the questions taken by Comrade Lenin in his fam­ ous "Letters from Abroad." Comrade Trotsky did not even know what the question was whilst Comrade Lenin in his truly famous "Letters from Abroad" already submitted to the Russian working class the scheme of the real October worked out in almost all details.

But this is only half the trouble. The present trouble is that Comrade' Trotsky can say nothing better than if there had been no imperialist war and if the peasantry had not predom­ inated in our country, then Trotsky­ ism would have been right as opposed to Leninism.

Is any f urther proof necessary that Comrade Trotsky · understood the Bol­ shevist attitude to the question of the peasantry as little as he understands it now ?

The "Lessons of October" have clearly shown one thing : that even now in the eighth year of the proletar­ ian revolution Comrade Trotsky has not grasped the true nature of Lenin­ ism, and that he now as previously is revolving round in the same circle­ in the question of the peasantry-in the question which is the chief source of the false conclusions of Comrade Trotsky beginning from his error of Brest to his error in the question of the trade unions in 1921, ending with his errors at the present time.

• • •

In the "Lessons of October" there!. are almost as many erroneous asser­ tions as there are assertions at all. Therefore the Communist Youth had little difficulty in detecting that Com­ rade Trotsky confounded Lenin with Hilf erding (in the question of the con­ stituent assembly and the so-called combined type of the constituent as­ sembly and the S6viets.* Hence it comes that Comrade Sokolnikov dem­ onstrated to Comrade Trotsky that the "lef t" errors of Comrade Bogdat­ jev were ascribed by the esteemed au­ thor of the "Lessons of October" to Comrade Lenin ( the history of the demonstration of April 1917.) Hence it comes that Comrade Kuusinen can easily prove by means of documents that Comrade Trotsky in the question of the German revolution** said the exact contrary in January, 1924, to what he now says in the "Lessons of October."

(*) For the rest we learn from the second part of "1917" that as late as Oct. 29, 1917, Comrade Trotsky him­ self on behalf of the Council of Peo­ ple's Commissionares wrote in an ap­ peal : "The only thing which can save the country is the constitutional as­ sembly which consists of representa­ tives of the working and exploited classes of the people." It is permitted to ask in which respect this is better than the "combined type ?" ("1917," second part page 133.) 

(**) One example suffices: "We have seen there (in Germany ) in the second half of the past year a classical demonstration of the fact that a most extraordinary favorable revolutionary situation of world historical imporq ance can be missed," thus wrote Com­ rade Trotsky in September, 1924, in the "Lessons of October."

"If the party (the C. P. of Germany )

had declared the revolt in October (last year) as the Berlin comrades have proposed, it would now be lying with a broken neck." We read these words in the draf t thesis of comrades Radek and Trotsky in January, 1924. In such a question one cannot have two opinions, one in January, 1924, and another in September, 1924. If however, one has two opinions regard­ ing such a question, one must not so attack the E. C. C. I. as Comrade Trot­sky has done.

Hence it comes that such important episodes of the revolution as the ques­ tion of the July demonstration, as the fight for Kronstad t and even the ques­ tion of the July days are described by Comrade Trotsky af ter the manner of Suchanov and the paper, Denj (The Day, bourgeois), and not as they act­ ually occured. Hence it comes that the question of the tactics of the Bol­ sheviki with regard to the preliminary parliament and the democratic con­ ference are dealt with in an equally incorrect and biased manner.

These "small" errors have been suf­ ficiently ref uted by authoritative wit­ nesses of the events. Perhaps we shall be able on another occasion to give an exact description of some of the very important episodes of the revolution.

III.

Was There a Right Wing in the Bol­ shevist Party ?

We must give a clear answer to this question. Everybody who is familiar with the real history of Bolshevism wiH, without hesitation, give the fol­ lowing answer : There was none and there could be none.

There could be no right wing be­ cause the Leninist fundamental prin­ ciples of the structure of the Bolshe­ vist party excluded every possibility of a right and of a lef t wing.

There could be no right wing be­ cause the first split between Bolshe­ viki and mensheviki had already tak­ en place in 1903 on the eve of the fi rst revolution of 1905.

Comrade Lenin wrote regarding the Italian socialist party that even its first splitting from the extreme chau­ vinists which took place some years bef ore the world war-that even this superficial split which was far from being complete, helped it in the first period of the imperialist . war, in the year 1914, to adopt a more commend­ able standpoint  than  the  standpoint of those social democratic parties who up to the year of 1917, and even later remained united. Every one who has read the articles of Comrade Lenin from the years 1914-1915 on German social democracy ("Against the Stream") will remember how passion­ ately Lenin advocates the splitting of the German social democracy, what great hopes he placed on this split, how he explained the complete col­ lapse of German social democracy among other tb,ings as being  due  to the  belated  split  between  the   lef t and right  wings.

"The type of the socialist parties of the epoch of the Second Interna­ tional was the party which tolerated opportunism in its midst, which dur­ ing the ten years of the period of peace continually grew in numbers but which hid itself and adapted it­ self to the revolutionary workers from whom it took over its Marxist term­ inology and avoided every clear de­ finition of principle. This type out­ lived its time.

"In Italy the party was an exception for the epoch of the Second Interna­ tional ; the opportunists with Bisso­ lati at the head were expelled from the party. The result of this crisis was excellent . . . We, in no way, idealize the Italian socialist party and do not guarantee that it will prove to remain firm in the event of Italy com­ ing into the war. We are not speak­ ing of the future of this party, we are speaking now only of the pres­ ent. We aff irm the indisputable fact that the workers of the majority of the European countries were deceived by the ficticious unity of the oppor­ tunists with the revolutionaries and that Italy is a happy exception-a country where at the present moment there is no  such  deception.  That which for  the  Second  International was a fortunate exception, must and will be a rule for the Third Interna­ tional.  The  proletariat   will  always­ so long as capitalism exists-be in contact with  the  petty-bourgeoisie.  It is unwise, sometimes to reject a tem­ porary alliance with them,  but  to unite with them, to  be  united  with the opportunists can  at  present  only be def ended by the enemies of the proletariat in the present epoch." ("Against the Stream" p. 36.)

Think over what Comrade Lenin has written for .example regarding the period of the emigration time of the party. He said : The great va­ riety of political tendencies in emigra­ tion-mensheviki, S. R. anarchists, maximalists, which were again divid­ ed into sub sections, had the eff ect that all non-Bolshevist elements were withdrawn, as by a plaster, from the bod y of the party. The same was the case in the period of legal and illegal existence of our party between Feb­ ruary and October, 1917. At that time we saw the same variety and multipli­ city of political parties, fractions and minor fractions, which inevitably ab­ sorbed everything that was not thoro­ ly Bolshevik. In this manner the Bol­ shevik party became a crystallization point only f or Bolsheviki. Hence our party was one indivisible whole.

It involves a complete ignorance of Lenin and of Leninism to admit the possibility that Lenin, even if only for a short time, had tolerated the existence of a right wing in the Bol­ shevik party. And what is still more important is, that Leninism is irrecon­ cilable with the existence of a right wing in the Bolshevist party.

It could be argued that there were Bolshevik "reconciliators" who great­ ly resembled a right wing of Bolshe­ vism. Yes, that is a f act. The Bolshevik "reconciliators" played an episodal role at the commencement of the split between the Bolsheviki and the men­ sheviki (1903-1904) , and then also in the years of the counter-revolution (1910-1911) . But at the moment of this hesitating attitude of the Bol­ shevik "reconciliators" it came essen­ tially to a direct split between us and them. The Bolshevik party, un­ der Lenin's leadership, was ready to amputate this small fragment from its body, and this it did in order to re­ main a homogeneous Bolshevik party

The overwhelming majority of these reconcilors are at present in our ranks and nobody thinks of asserting today that they recollect there being in any way a sort of right tendency in the party. Their most prominent leader was I. F. Dubrovinsky, and no­ body who knew him would pretend tha t he represented in any way a right wing. From one prison to another, from one banishment to another, went such comrades as Dubrovi nsky and Nogin ; and in the period between the one prison and the other they made many passing errors regarding ques­ tions of organization. Of course, these comrades could have fallen victims to opportunism if their errors had un­ dergone a logical development. This however, did not happen. Lenin put the question bluntly : Either expulsion or submission to the decisions of the Bolshevik leadership,

That does not mean that in the long years of the history of Bolshe­ vism there were never any diff erenc­ es and various tendencies between the most prominent functionaries of the party. There were, of course, such diff erences. In 1906 Kamenev advo­ cated the boycott of the Duma ( a "lef t" attitude), while Comrade Lenin recommended participation in the Duma. In the plenum of the C. C. in 1910 (the last joint plenum with the mensheviki) a section of the Bol­ sheviki attempted unity with Trotsky, whilst Comrade Lenin and other Bol­ shevik leaders, (among them the pres­ ent writer) were emphatically against this attempt. These, however, were only episodal diff erences of opinion.

But the diff erences which we had with the people grouped round the paper "Vperjod" (Forward ) in 1908 and which lasted for some years, could not be regarded as episodal. These alleged "lef t" people, as a mat­ ter of f act, def ended opportunist tactics, that is, they abandoned the fun­ damental basis of  Bolshevism.  The group was expelled from our organiza­ tion and only those have returned who have thoroly recovered from the "Vperjod"    sickness.

Also those diff erences cannot be characterized as being episodal which arose in connection with the war, and which extended only to a f ew prominent Bolsheviki at me beginning of the imperialist war. Bolshevism as a whole adopted a thoroly correct at­ titude towards the imperialist war and was conscious of the world-historical slogan : "Conversion of the imperial­ ist war into civil war." A f ew im­ portant Bolshevist functionaries, for example, I. Goldenberg, vacillated re­ garding the question of the charac­ ter of the war, and it came to an or­ ganizatory break with these comrades. Goldenberg was not able to return to the par ty until 1921, af ter he had thoroly recognized his fault.

·what is the explanation of some of the errors committed in the first days of the February revolution ? The gen­ eral staff of the Bolsheviki, af ter years of imperialist war and white terror, came together from various parts of the earth, af ter the central function­ aires of the Bolsheviki had lived se­ parated from their best friends. All were overwhelmed by the world his­ torical events. Many things turned out diff erently from what had been expected. In the first days of the revolution the Bolsheviki themselves were in the minority among the Petro­ grad workers. The mood of the sol­ diers, whom Lenin later called "hon­ est defenders of their country," creat­ ed great tactical difficulties f or us.

\Ve asked ourselves how we could a p­ proach these masses, how we could at least get them to listen to us. All this led to those difficulties which were responsible for the errors of the "Pravda" in the first  days  af ter the February revolution, before the arrival of  Comrade Lenin.

Can one from this inf er the exist­ ence of a right wing in the Bolshevist party, which Comrade Trotsky at­ tempts to represent as a "social demo­ cratic," "semi-menshevist" wing. On­ ly he who does not know the Bolshe­ vist party can say such a thing, who judges the party from the outside, who for fif teen years has fought against this party, and who in 1924 again declares war against the party. There were serious diff erences among the Bolsheviki in the period from April to Septem ber, 1917. Groups could hav e been formed out of these d iff erences if the comrades who had erred had not conf essed their errors, if events had not quickly l:quidated these errors, if the party had not unanimously repudiated these errors, if the party had not had a Lenin. Then a split would have occurred, but in no event would a right wing have been formed.

There were sharp diff erences among the Bolsheviki in October and Novem­ ber, 1917. During this time the pres­ ent writer was among those comrades who had erred. If the errors had not been immediately recognized as such, if the party had not unanimously cor­ rected these errors, and again, if the party had had no Lenin, then these sharp diff erences could have led to serious results. But as a matter of fact the contrary of all this occurred.

The first split between the Bolshe­ viki and the mensheviki began in 1903. Since about 1910 the Bolshevist party has had a completely indepen­ dent organizatory lif e. Between 1903 and 1910 Bolshevism experienced a period of insufficient organizatory growth. From 1910 to 1917 this could no longer be the case. There was and could be no right wing in the Bolshevist party.

IV.

Is the Formation of a R ight W ing in the R. C. P. Possible at the Present Time ?

A really serious question. Our re­ ply to this is: Yes, an attempt is now being made to create such a right wing in the R. C. P. and in the Com­ intern. The leading figure in these eff orts is Comrade Trotzky. The real problem is whether we can tolerate the formation of such a wing, and if not, how we can avoid it.

From whence can a right wing, a right fraction, a right tendency arise? It would be absurd to explain this by the personal responsibility of this or that comrade. No, there exist indis· putable objective pre-conditions there­ for.

What constitute the essential diff er­ ences between the present state of af· fairs in our party and the position of our party bef ore the October revolu­ tion ?

First : The mensheviki, the S. R.

the anarchists and the remaining groups have disappeared from the open political life of our country. In the interest of the successf ul carry­ ing out of the proletarian dictatorshi p, the victorious working class, under the lead of our party, had to render illegal the S. R. the mensheviki, the anti-Soviet section of the anarchists, and other groups opposed to the idea of the dictatorship of the proletariat. Only the Russian C. P. is legally ac­ tive. Today it cannot be otherwise. With such a state of aff airs it is un· avoidable that many elements enter our party, who, in the event of the existence of other legal parties, would not be with us.

Second : We have ideologically shattered two important parties which during two decades were our rivals; the S. R. and the mensheviki. Some ten thousand members of these par­ ties have come over to our party among them many very active  mem­ bers, as for instance Comrade Trot­ zky. A considerable portion of these comrades have been completely assim­ ilated by our party and now are good Bolsheviki. But we must not disguise the  fact  that  the  annihilation  of  the

S. R. and the mensheviki as legal par· ties does not serve to promote the homogeneous composition of our party.

Third : Our country is passing thru a transition period. Up to October, 1917, the situation was in many re­ spects more difficult, but clearer. The party was conf ronted with an imme· diate task : the overthrow of the bour­

geoisie. The present situation is more complicated. The Nep, the bourgeois environment, all these factors render our situation extremely complicated. Never in the history of the struggle of the international working class was a workers party in such complicated transition period.

Fourth : The social composition of the party has become heterogeneous. Up to October, 1917, our party was al­ most entirely a party of workers. Af· ter 1917, the situation has changed. We have at present over a hundred thousand peasant members, some thousands of members from the high­ er educational institutions, and many thousands of Soviet employes.

What is the meaning of all our ef· forts to purge our party, the Lenin recruitment ? The aim of all these eff orts is to render the composition of the party as homogeneous as possible, to prevent a dilution of its social com· position.

All these together create the pre· requisites under which the formation of a right wing is possible in the party created by Lenin-and is now with· out Lenin.

When we deal with the attacks of Comrad e Trotzky upon the Bolshevist

C. C. with the greatest objectivity, then we see that their content is the following: During these years Com­ rade Trotzky gave expression to everything which is not strictly Bolshe­ vist, and which f eels itself cramped within the frame of the old Lenin tac­ tics. Trotzky is sincerely convinced that the old methods of Leninism can no longer today f ulfill their task, when the party is acting in such a vast arena. According to his opinion, the party must become a block of various tendencies and fractions.

VIe all know that all those process­ es which are developing in our coun­ try are reflected in our party, which is in possession of power and which has suppressed all the other, anti­ Soviet parties. We Leninists draw from this the conclusion that it is all the more necessary to preserve the greatest possible homogeneity of the party, the greatest firmness of leader­ ship and the greatest possible devo­ tion to Leninism. To maneuver, some­ times even to make concessions, is un­ avoidable. But it is necessary that the party shall always remain Bol­ shevist. Trotzky, on the other hand, draws diff erent conclusions from the complexity of our present situation. It seems to him that the earlier "sec­ tarianism," steel-firmness, is leading the country to the edge of the abyss. According to his view, the party must become a combination of various tend­ encies and fractions, and that it sball not immediately conduct the state and economic apparatus, but leave more scope for bourgeois specialists, etc.

This idea of Comrade Trotzky would in the present international and inner­ political situation, logically lead in the best case to the substitution of the Bolshevik Party by a "broad" "labor party," af ter the model of the English MacDonald labor party in a "Soviet edition." It is quite possible that Com­ rade Trotzky has not thought out his idea to its logical conclusion, but he is steering in this direction, unless he returns to Bolshevism.

A party which has to work under such conditions needs a number of transmission belts to secure its influ­ ence upon the peasantry, upon the employees, upon  the intelligenzia,  etc. Th e  system  of  levers  which  secures the  dictatorship  of  the  proletariat  is , complicated        ( Soviets,  trade                 unions, etc.) .  Bu t it does not follow from this that  the  party   can  become   a  block of  tendencies, a sort of  "parliament of opinions."

It is a matter of course that the Bol­ shevik Party in the year 1924, cannot simply copy the Bolshevik Party of , say 1914, or even of 1917. We cannot limit ourselves merely to admitting workers into our party as members. By means of the Lenin recruitment we did everything possible in order to increase the num ber of industrial workers in our party. For some years we held back the influx of peasants into our party. But we have now come to the conclusion that we must again admit a considerable number of pea- ants. A workers party which gov­ erns the state in a peasant country, must have among its mem bers a cer­ tain percentage of peasants.

The regulation of the composition of our party is a complicated and diffi­ cult task. It is closely connected with the most difficult and sometimes the most delicate political problems. The party must maneuver in this connec­ tion. At the present epoch the party cannot be so homogeneous as it was before the seizure of power.

Therefore, the policy, and also the leadership of the party, must be as Bolshevik as it has been hitherto, as Lenin has taught us. The working class realizes its hegemony in the re­ volution, and the party is the leading advance guard of the class possessing this hegemony.

From this there arises the question of the inner orientation of the party. The Bolshevist Party of 1924 must base itself upon the picked troops of its members, upon the workers. No other section outside the workers can serve as the barometer f or the policy of our party.

Must we therefore permit the exist­ ence or the formation of a right wing in our party ?

We must not !

It does not in the least follow that be cause we have to be content with a non-sufficiently homogeneous social composition of our party, that because we have to attract a certain number of non-workers into our party, we can water down the policy of the party, that the leadership of the party must also be heterogenous. On the con­ trary! Precisely because the party, under the present conditions, cannot be so homogeneous in its composition as it ws bef ore the seizure of power, the pollcy of the party must, more strictly than ever, base itself upon the workers; and precisely therefore, the leadership of the party must be spe­ cially firm and Leninist.

The objective conditions under which our party must work at present are such that there exists the dan­ ger of the formation of a right wing. He who wishes to remain true to the spirit of Leninism must exert all his forces in order to help the party to withstand these tendencies. With a skillf ul and correct applil;ation of the principles of Leninism to the present situation, we will succeed in preven t­ ing the f ormation of a right wing in our party.

Those comrades, however, who, like Comrade Trotzky, not only do not re­ sist these tendencies, but become their representatives, those comrades who oppose the Leninist central committee which clearly perceives the danger and has to maneuver in a complicated situation, thereby become the enemies of Leninism.

Whether this is their intention or not, it is all the same. Whether they clearly recognize this or not, it is also all the same. Let us take, for example, two prom inent comrades (let us say comrades A and B) . Both comrades are the most disciplined and  excellent com­ rades. Comrade A, however, came over to Bolshevism at another time and by other ways than comrade B. Comrade A came from the peasant movement. Comrade B came  from the workers' movement, he has been a Bolshevik for twenty years. Our party needs both. When, however, comrade A begins to develop within the party in a certain manner, as so of ten hap­ pens, and begins to demand that the policy of the party shall be based, not upon the workers but upon the pea­ sants, or when he begins to demand that the general staff of the party should be transformed  into  a  block of various groups-what would our party say to this comrade A in this event ?

Something similar, but in a more serious form, is now being done by Comrade Trotzky. He is g1vmg ex­ pression to everything in the party which is not Bolshevik.

Can the party tolerate this ? Is it to be wondered if the party admin­ iste.rs such a severe rebuke to Com­ rade Trotsky ?

v.

Whither is the Present Development of Trotsky Leading?

Comrade Trotsky, as an obvious in­ dividualist, has of course many fea­ tures of character which are only characteristic f or him personally. Comrade Trotsky of ten sets up such a political platf orm that only one per­ son can stand on it : Comrade Trot­ sky himself , as upon this platform there is no room f or anybody else. It would be a mistake, however to see in this standpoint of Trotsky ' only the individual. There is no doubt that he represents a f airly broad section of the factor of our situation

the improvisations of Comrade Trot­ sky there comes to light one definite tendency.

Let us imagine for a moment what would be the state of our country if our party, instead of energetically re­ sisting the proposals of Comrade Trot­ sky, had accepted his most important proposals since 1921. This would have meant :

1. The trade unions would have be­ come state institutions, there would have taken place the notorious "fu­ sion" of the trade unions with official state nd economic organs. The trade unions, which today constitute our broadest basis and embrace 6 mil­ lion workers and employees, would have been converted into a bureau­ cratic append age of the official ma­ chine. In other words, we would have created a basis f or menshevism and undermined with our own hands the dictatorship of the proletariat.

2. The party would have become ex­ cluded from the immediate leadership of the economic and state organs. The Soviet apparatus would have become mor-e independent. "The emancipa­ tion of the Soviets from the party" would not merely have remained on paper, in the writings of the emi­ grants, but would have been partly realized. It is hardly necessary to point out to a Bolshevik that such a tendency would have had innumerable fatal consequences.

3. The bourgeois specialists would have won a far greater influence in all branches of our work, and not only on the military field. It is almost su­ perfluous to point out that that was one of the most important features of the political platf orm of Comrade Trotsky, and one of the most impor­ tant points of his diff erences with our party.

Of course it is absolutely necessary that we attract honest specialists into our work, and that we create such an atmosphere as will enable them to render usef ul service for our cause. If , however, the question of specialists had been solved, not according to Lenin but according to Trotsky,  it would have meant the greatest polit­ ical concession to the new bourgEoisie

1. In the questions of the inner lif e of the party we would have had to recognize that, not the workers at the benches but the youths in the high schools constitute the barometer of the party; the youths in the high schools, among whom there are ex­ cellent proletarian elements, but among whom there are not a f ew peo­ ple who are connected by a thousand social ties to the petty bourgeoisie and, through them, to the Nep and the new bourgeoisie.

2. We should not have carried out the currency reform because, accord­ ing to Trotsky, "first" industry had to be restored , and then the currency ref orm was to be taken in hand. It is not necessary to mention that if we had accepted this "ingenious" pro­ posal, the weight of the socialist ele­ ment upon the economy of our coun­ try would only have been red uced and the new bourgeoisie would have there­ by become stronger.

3. As regards the question of our relation tc the peasantry, we should have committed the greatest errors. Instead of the beginning of an alliance with the peasantry, we should be al­ together estranged from them. The peasantry, alienated by our errors, would have sought another political leader, and of course would have found it in the new bourgeoisie.

No comrade will be able to say that we have invented the above six polllts. Every serious Bolshevik will have to admit that the struggle between the Leninist C. ·C. and Comrade Trotsky turns precisely upon these points, and not upon the question of "personal prestige", as the philistines think.

'Vhat would be the state of aff airs in our country if , in these six ques­ tions, we had f allowed the road urged by Trotsky ? It would have become a Russia of the Nep, in the sense and to the extent which the ideology of the new bourgeoisie reckoned upon. And the prospects of the transf ormation of Russia of the new economic policy into a socialist Russia would have been very remote, and would even have  entirely  vanished.

If we add to all this the opportunist errors of Comrade Trotsky in the questions of international politics, (over-estimation of the democratic­ pacifist era, over-estimation of the miraculous peace-making quality of American super-imperialism, under­ estimation of the counter-revolution­ ary nature of social democracy, under­ estimation of the duration of fascism ) and the fact that he supported all right, semi-social democratic elements in the various sections of the Comin­ tern, then it is clear in what direction Comrade Trotsky is drawing our party.

In this heaping up of one error upon another Comrade Trotsky has his own "system". As a whole that system is: right deviation.

The new bourgeoisie of our country is precisely a new and not the old bourgeoisie. It has seen a variety of things and has also learned something from the "Lessons of October". It saw the masses in action. It saw the ruthless hand ling of the bourgeoisie by the Bolsheviki in the first period of the October revolution, and the con­ cessions of the Bolsheviki to the bour­ geoisie in 1921, when these same ruthless Bolsheviki were compelled to introduce the new economic policy. It now knows the value of the real re­ lation of forces which, among others consists in the international boufl geois environment of the first Soviet country. It has its new intelligenzia, educated f or the most part in our edu­ cational establish ments. It has learned to penetrate into the struggle of tendencies within our own party, it has learned to take advantage of Soviet legality.

It is a bourgeoisie which has passed through the fire of the greatest revo­ lution ; a bourgeoisie which under­ stands how to bring about its alliance with the leaders of the international bourgeoisie. In one word, it is a bour­ geoisie with a keen class-conscious­ ness; an adaptable bourgeoisie, which has become more clever through the experiences of the revolution and bet­ ter understands the importance of the workers' party and the currents with­ in this party.

We must not disguise the f act: the social composition of our state appar­ atus is such, that an important part of the personnel of this apparatus must be considered as an agency of this new bourgeoisie. The same must be said regard ing a certain section of the students and of the intelligenzia in general.

To demand from the Bolshevist Party in the years 1921 to 1924, in the period of transition, the before men­ tioned six points, means nothing less than to help, even if unwillingly, the new bourgeoisie.

Comrade Trotsky has taken a wrong turning. He wants to fight against the exaggerated "sectarianism" of the old Bolsheviki, which appears to him as "narrow-mindedness", and in re­ ality he is fighting against the bases of Bolshevism. As a matter of fact, of course without wishing it, he is ren­ dering the class enemy an invaluable service.

We ask the former and present fol­ lowers of Comrade Trotsky, whether they are aware that every attack of Comrade Trotsky against the Bol­ shevik C. C. since 1921 has been hailed throughout the whole of the non-bol­ shevik camp with ever-increasing joy ? Marx has already said that one can express the feeling of the petty bour­ geoisie without oneself being a small shop-keeper. Of course, Comrade Trot­ sky has the best intentions. But the way to hell is paved with good inten­ tions. Comrade Trotsky must once and for all give up "saving" our party from alleged errors. He must under­ stand and admit his own political errors, which for the greater part arise from the remnants of his political ideology of the time from 1903 to 1917,when Comrade Trotsky was an open opponent of Bolshevism. He must cease from  stirring up periodical "crises",  with  the  regularity  and  the punctuality of a calendar, every year, and recently every six months. He must understand that nobody will suc­ ceed in crushing Leninism by f orce under Trotskyism. In one word, it must be understood that Bolshevism remains Bolshevism.

What is to be done ? Split ? Nonsense! There can be no talk of such a thing! Our party is more united than it ever was.Disciplinary measures? That is also absurd ! Nobody needs this; some a thing! Our party is more united than it ever was.

Disciplinary measures? That is alsoabsurd ! Nobody needs this; some thing else is necessary at present. It is necessary that the party secure itself against a repetition of the "at­ tacks" upon Leninism. Serious party guarantees are necessary that the de­ cisions of the party shall be binding for , Comrade Trotsky. The party is not a debating society, but a party, which moreover is in a very compli­ cated situation. The slogan of the present day is:

Bolshevizing of all strata of the party ! Ideological struggle against Trotskyism !

And before all: enlightenment, en­ lightenment and again enlightenment!

Our party consists f or the greater part of relatively new members. It is necessary that the party study the question of Leninism and Trotskyism. It is necessary that the party clearly see that here it is a question of two fundamentally diff erent systems of tactics:

It is not merely a question of the past history of the party. It is here a question of two methods of dealing with present-day politics, which are closely connected with such cardinal questions as the question of the re­ lation between the working class and the peasantry. And we cailnot avoid thanking Comrade Trotsky that he has at any rate provided the party with a good opportunity of analysing a deviation from Leninism and thinking more deeply into the fundamentals of Leninism.

Of course, the party must insist that party d iscipline is also binding for Comrade Trotsky; and we are con­ vinced that the party will be able to im;ist on this. The more clearness there is in the party regarding the question of Leninism and of Trotsky ism, the less ground there will be for such an attempt as Comrade Trotsky ism, the less ground there will be forsuch an attempt as Comrade Trotskyhas undertaken. The less response there is in the party to this attempt the less desire he will have to repeat it. And the response this time is very small. Comrade Trotsky has so changed the f orm of his "platf orm" that there is only room for one man upon it-Comrade Trotsky himself.

During the last discussion Comrade Trotsky declared the student youth to be the reliable "barometer". We did not agree with hini then and we do not agree with him now. But it must be stated that even this, not entirely ideal, barometer has not responded this time as in recent years, which proves that the student youth do not wish to replace Leninism by Trotsky­ ism.

The best means to hold Comrade Trotsky back f rom f urther errors, which will estrange him still further from Bolshevism, is f or the whole party as olie man to repudiate his dev­ iation, and then we hope he will soon retrieve his errors.

It is to be hoped that Comrade Trot­ sky, when he perceives the harmf ul­ ness of this tendency and the unanim­ ity of the party against his enormous errors, will turn back from his wrong path.

Comrade Lenin more than once formulated the "law" of the political evolution of Comrade Trotsky. If things are going well, Comrade Trot­ sky approaches the Bolshevist lin6 ; when things are going bad, then Com­ rade Trotsky inclines to the right. In order to keep him back from turning to the right, the ideological def ense of the whole party is necessary.

The party will say its final word, and once again the premature hopes of the enemy will be disappoin ted. The Bolshevist party will receive a new and more powerf ul steeling, and true Leninism will become the ideological equipment of the whole party down to the last member.

Speech by Comrade Stalin -------