Ethnic Unity and Progress Law of China
Title: P.R.C. Law on the Promotion of Ethnic Unity and Progress
Promulgating Entities: The National People's Congress
Source of text: https://www.news.cn/politics/20260313/748e7a2db7764d82b4259c9e1256082e/c.html
PREAMBLE
China is one of the countries with the oldest history in the world, and the Chinese people are a great people with whose civilization has more than 5,000 years of history. Through long-term interaction, exchanges and integration, people of all ethnic groups in China have jointly opened up the vast territory of the motherland, created a unified multi-ethnic country, written a glorious Chinese history, created a splendid Chinese culture, cultivated a great ethnic spirit, and cohesed into a community of common destiny with the same blood and beliefs, cultural interdependence, economic interdependence, and emotional affinity.
After 1840, feudal China was gradually turned into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. All ethnic peoples of China have consistently adhered to the ideal of unity in which the nation's territory must not be divided, the state must not descend into chaos, the Chinese people must not be scattered, and the continuity of Chinese civilization must not be broken; and in the heroic struggles to save the nation and jointly resist foreign aggression, they realized the great transformation of the Chinese people from a naturally occurring to a deliberate community.
The Communist Party of China is the vanguard of the Chinese working class, and at the same time is the vanguard of the people of China and the Chinese people [中国人民，中华民族], It has always regarded the happiness of the people of China and the rejuvenation of the Chinese People as its original mission, and has united and led the nation's people of all ethnicities to achieve ethnic independence and the people's liberation, and established the People's Republic of China, ensuring that people of all ethnic groups have truly obtained equal political rights and become joint masters of the country, realized the common unity and struggle of all ethnic groups for common prosperity and development, and creatively found a correct path with Chinese characteristics to solve ethnic issues, and the face of the Chinese people has undergone historic changes.
As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the Chinese Communist Party persists in combining Marxist ethnic theory with the specific conditions of China's ethnic issues and China's exceptional traditional culture, making forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people as the main line of the Party's ethnic work and of all work in ethnic regions, forming the Chinese Communist Party's important thoughts on strengthening and improving ethnic work, opening a new realm for adapting Marxist ethnic theory to the times, and making historic achievements in the construction of the community of the Chinese people.
The Chinese nation is a family of integrated diversity formed from all ethnicities. Ethnic unity is the lifeline of our nation's ethnic peoples. Achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese people is the common pursuit of all people of China, and safeguarding national unity, and promoting ethnic unity and progress are their common responsibilities.
In accordance with the Constitution and laws, the country's people of all ethnicities, all state ograns and armed forces, all political parties and social groups, enterprises, institutions and organizations, should make forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people and promoting the establishment of the Chinese people their common mission; focusing on the fundamental basic and overall interests of the Chinese people, taking the strengthening of commonality as the guiding orientation, to safeguard, consolidate, and develop socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony; advance the cause of high-quality ethnic unity and progress; promote Chinese-style modernization through the great unity of the Chinese people; and unite and stuggle together to fully construct a modern socialist country and the fully advance of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese people.
Chapter I: General Provisions
Article 1: This Law is drafted on the basis of the Constitution in order to promote ethnic unity and progress, forge a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people, advance the establishment of the community of the Chinese people, and promote the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese people.
Article 2: In matters of ethnic unity and progress, uphold the comprehensive leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, raise high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhere to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, Deng Xiaoping theory, the important thinking of the “three represents”, and the scientific view of development; fully implement Xi Jinping thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era, solidify the common ideological and political foundation for unity and struggle for all ethnicities, unerringly follow the correct and Chinese path for resolving ethnic issues, and unite their strength for constructing a strong nation and national rejuvenation.
Article 3: To forge a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people, all ethnic peoples shall be led to firmly establish a concept of community that shares a common destiny, sharing in joy and sorrow, honor and disgrace, and life and death, to strengthen the cohesion of the Chinese people.
Article 4: To advance the establishment of the community of the Chinese people, overall planning shall be made for the establishment of economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization, fully bringing about the common prosperity and development of each ethnicity, ensuring the shared role of all ethnic peoples as the masters of the country, building a shared spiritual home for the Chinese people, promoting the intermingling of all ethnicities and their widespread interaction, exchanges, and integration; jointly caring for their ecological home in which man and nature coexist harmoniously, promoting the Chinese people in becoming a community of shared destiny that has a greater degree of identity and stronger social cohesion.
Article 5: All citizens of the People’s Republic of China are equal before the law.
All ethnicities in the People’s Republic of China are equal. Discrimination against or oppression of any ethnicity is prohibited.
Article 6: A sense of the community of the Chinese people is at the root of ethnic unity. The state is to persist in promoting commonality while respecting and embracing differences, promoting mutual support and harmonious coexistence among all ethnicities, and preserving the great unity of the Chinese people. Acts that undermine ethnic unity and create ethnic division are prohibited.
Article 7: The state is to promote the shared unity and struggle of all ethnicities and their common prosperity and development, promote the coordinated development of material, political, spiritual, societal, and ecological civilization, and fully advance the development and progress of the Chinese people.
Article 8: The state is to uphold and improve the system of ethnic autonomous regions, preserving national and ethnic unity. [国家统一和民族团结]
Article 9: The state is to persist in governing ethnic affairs in accordance with law, lawfully safeguarding the rights and interests of all ethnic groups, strengthening publicity and education on the Constitution and laws, enhancing all ethnic groups’ conception of the state, citizenship, and law; preserving the unity dignity, and authority of socialist rule of law, and advancing the modernization of the system and capacity for governing ethnic affairs on the track of rule of law.
Article 10: Citizens of the P.R.C. have an obligation to preserve national unity and the unity of the nation’s ethnicities, and shall preserve the nation’s sovereignty, security, and developmental interests.
Matters of ethnic unity and progress are not to be interfered with by foreign forces. All acts using excuses such as ethnicity, religion, or human rights to insult and disparage, contain and suppress, or infiltrate and undermine the PRC are to be resolutely opposed.
Chapter II: Building a Shared Spiritual Home
Article 11: The state is to adhere to the guidance of the Core Socialist Values, deepen education on patriotism, collectivism, and socialism; lead each ethnic group to carry forward an ethnic spirit with patriotism at its core and a spirit of the times with reform and innovation at its core; and persist in identifying with the great motherland, the Chinese people, Chinese culture, the Chinese Communist Party, and Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.
Article 12: The state is to organize and carry out education on the history of the Chinese Communist Party, new China, reform and development, the development of socialism, and the development of the Chinese people, leading each ethnic group to firmly establish the correct perspectives on the nation, history, ethnicity, culture, and religion.
Citizens of the PRC shall enhance their conception of the state, passing on and carrying forward the spirit of patriotism and preserving the dignity of state symbols and insignia such as the flag, anthem, and emblem.
Article 13: The state is to develop advanced socialist culture, carry forward revolutionary culture, pass on the exceptional traditional Chinese culture, guide each ethnic group in promoting identification with Chinese culture, and strengthen Chinese cultural self-confidence.
The exceptional traditional cultures of each ethnicity are all components of Chinese culture. The state is to persist in using the advanced socialist culture to guide the creative transformation and innovative development of the exceptional traditional cultures of each ethnicity, and support the publicity and promotion of China’s exceptional traditional culture.
The state is to persist in using the advanced socialist culture to guide the creative transformation and innovative development of the exceptional traditional cultures of each ethnicity, and support the publicity and promotion of China’s exceptional traditional culture.
Article 14: The state is to establish and highlight Chinese cultural symbols and images of the Chinese people that are jointly shared by all ethnicities, drawing on resources such as the Chinese people’s cultural and natural heritage to promote the establishment of a system of symbols of Chinese civilization.
All levels of people’s government shall encourage and support the expression and display of Chinese cultural symbols and images of the Chinese people in areas such as public facilities, planning and architectural design, sightseeing exhibitions, place name selection, and public activities.
P.R.C. citizens shall preserve the image of the Chinese people, and respect the history of the formation and development of the Chinese people; and they must not insult, belittle, or desecrate them.
Article 15: The state is to fully promote the spread of the nation’s common language and script. Citizens’ learning and use of the nation’s common language and script must not be obstructed by any organization or individual.
Schools and other educational institutions are to use the nation’s common language and script as the basic language and script for education and teaching. The state is to promote preschool students’ learning of Mandarin, so that youth who have completed compulsory education have a basic understanding of the nation’s common language and script.
State organs are to use the nation’s common language and script as the official language and script. Where it is necessary to use minority languages and scripts to issue documents in accordance with laws and regulations, a version in the state’s common language and script shall be concurrently provided with the minority language version.
Where state organs, social groups, enterprises, public institutions, and other social organizations need to concurrently use the national common language and minority languages, they shall highlight the national common language in terms of position, order, and so forth.
The state respects and protects the learning and use of minority languages and scripts, promotes the regulation, standardization, and digitalization of minority languages, and supports the protection, organization, research, and use of old ethnic minority books.
Article 16: All levels and types of school, as well as other educational establishments, shall make the requirement of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people permeate the entire educational process, building an educational system that combines classroom teaching, societal practice, topical education, and online education.
All levels and types of schools and other educational bodies shall use the unified national teaching materials in accordance with state provisions. The administrative departments for education shall implement the requirement of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people during the composition and review of teaching materials.
The State Council departments, such as for education administration and ethnic affairs work, are to organize the writing and editing of a series of educational materials and readers on the community of the Chinese people.
Article 17: The State is to promote the establishment of China's own systems for historical data, discourse, and theory on the community of the Chinese people, support universities, research institutions and other units in strengthening research on major fundamental issues of the community of the Chinese people, interpret the history and meaning of integrated diversity in Chinese nation and Chinese civilization, and reveal the principles, theory and philosophy of the formation and development of the Chinese nation.
The state is to support the cultivation of personnel for theoretical research on the community of the Chinese people, optimizing the arrangement of subjects and majors, promoting the establishment of a system of disciplines and majors, and strengthening the establishment of research institutions on the community of the Chinese people.
The state is to support the establishment of academic exchange platforms on the community of the Chinese people and promote exchanges and cooperation between foreign and domestic academic, civic groups, and think tanks.
Article 18: The state is to include education on forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people in the systems for citizen education, cadre education, and societal education.
All levels of people’s government shall make full use of resources of the exceptional traditional Chinese culture, red [revolutionary history] resources, and all types of resources that embody the achievements of the establishment of socialism with Chinese characteristics, to adopt measures suited to local conditions to widely carry out education on forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people.
Article 19: News media such as newspapers, radio, and television, as well as publishing units and online service providers, shall carry out work such as publicity reporting and presentations of the accomplishments of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people and advancing the establishment of the community of the Chinese people.
The state is to promote the development of international communication capacity, and support the development of foreign interpersonal cultural exchanges, to explain the history of the Chinese people and the theory of the community of the Chinese people, publicizing the practice and achievements of establishing the community of the Chinese people, promoting the world’s better understanding and recognition of the Chinese people and culture, and promoting echanges and mutual learning among human civilizations.
Article 20: All levels of people’s government shall promote the integration of requirements for forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people in families, family education, and family atmospheres.
The parents or other guardians of minors shall perform their family education responsibilities in accordance with law, educating and guiding minors to love the Chinese Communist Party, Motherland, people [人民], and the Chinese people 【中华民族】; and establishing the concept of the Chinese people as a single family; and they must not instill ideas in minors that are not conducive to improving ethnic unity and progress.
Article 21: The state is to support the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions in carrying out education on the history of the Chinese people, Chinese culture, and national conditions, and guide compatriots from the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions to consciously preserve the nation's sovereignty, security, and development interests.
The state is to promote cross-strait economic and cultural exchanges and cooperation, deepen integrated cross-strait development in all areas, enhance Taiwan compatriots sense of belonging, identification, and pride in the Chinese people; pushing for compatriots on both sides of the strait to jointly carry forward Chinese culture, and enhance the sense that of all belonging to the Chinese People and all being Chinese.
The state is to strengthen contact and communication with the overseas diaspora and support them in carrying forward Chinese culture and promoting cultural exchanges and cooperation between China and the world.
Chapter III: Promoting Interaction, Exchange, and Integration
Article 22: People’s governments at the county level and above shall coordinate the economic and social development plans and public resource allocations to advance the establishment of mutual embedding the community environment, improving social conditions for all ethnicities to live and learn togther, build and share together, and work and play together.
Article 23: People’s governments at the county level or above shall include the requirement of forging a sense of the community of the Chinese people in the full processes of urban planning, construction, governance, and services; and improve urban policy measures for ethnic work as suited to local conditions to improve amiability, tolerance, and integration.
Based on local conditions, all levels of local people’s governments shall employ specific measures to promote the unity and integration of all ethnicities in areas such as urban-rural construction, population management, housing policy, employment and business creation, and social services.
Local people’s governments at all levels shall organize and guide each ethnic group in jointly participating in community building, governance, and activities, and support relevant units and organizations in providing social services, to promote the harmonious cohabitation of all ethnic groups.
Article 24: People’s governments at the county level and above shall strengthen the joint establishment of service platforms, and sharing of information, for population migration between ethnic regions and between ethnic regions and other regions, to strengthen cooperative capacity and increase the level of convenience in cross-regional government affairs services.
Article 25: People’s governments at the county level and above shall ensure the lawful rights and interests of citizen’s in cross-region employment and enterpreneurship between ethnic regions, or between ethnic regions and other regions, and support the development of training in areas such as on laws, regulations, and policies, the national common language and script, and vocational skills, carry out vocational guidance, and job placement.
Article 26: The State Council administrative department for education and provincial-level people’s governments shall support bidirectional recruitment of students between ethnic regions and other regions’ schools of higher learning, to enhance cooperation in cultivating talent.
The State Council administrative department for education and local people’s governments at the county-level or above shall encourage and support teachers carrying out exchanges between ethnic regions and other regions.
All levels and types of school, and other educational institutions, shall consider the traits of the school and students in promoting the joint learning, life, growth, and progress of students from all ethnicities.
Article 27: All levels of people’s government shall support schools, mass organizations, and other social organizations in using historical and cultural resources on the formation and development of the community of the Chinese people to carry out youth exchange activities such as cross-regional social practicums, research tours, and inspection trips, to enhance ethnic pride and confidence.
Article 28: All levels of local people’s government shall encourage and support volunteers and volunteer service organizations, promoting exchanges, cooperation, and friendly assistance among all ethnic groups in all types of volunteer activities.
Article 29: The state is to promote mutual learning and integration between ethnic cultures, encouraging all ethnic groups to appreciate each others’ exeptional traditional cultures, and learn each other’s languages and scripts. All levels of people’s government shall support cultural workers and related units to create and display literary and artistic works that are rooted in Chinese culture and embody the interaction, exchange, and integration of all ethnic groups.
All levels of people’s government shall support public cultural service units, such as libraries, museums, cultural relics depositories, memorials, art museums, science museums, workers’ cultural centers, and youth cultural centers.
All levels of people’s government shall draw on the rich cultural, athletic, and other resources of the Chinese people, to encourage and support exchange activities that are enjoyed and participated in by all ethnic groups, such as traditional festivals, folk culture, and athletic competitions.
Article 30: The state is to give play to the active role of tourism in promoting exchanges, communication, and communion among ethnic groups, advancing the deeply integrated development of culture and tourism, and developing tourism routes and innovative cultural products conducive to carrying forward Chinese Culture.
Together with departments such as for culture and tourism and cultural artifacts, the ethnic work departments of people’s governments at the county level or above shall draw on the theory and history of the community of the Chinese people to standardize content such as the presentation and explanation of exhibits.
Article 31: The state is to support the use of modern technology, such as the internet, big data, and AI, to carry out exchange activities, encouraging and leading the providers of online products and services to produce and disseminate works and information that embodies the great unity of the Chinese People, to create a harmonious online environment that is conducive to forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people. Information with content that undermines ethnic unity and progress, such as ethnic hatred or ethnic discrimination, must not be produced or transmitted by any organization or individual in forms such as text, images, or video.
Network operators shall strengthen management of information published by users, and upon discovering that it contains the information undermining ethnic unity described in the preceding paragraph, they shall immediately stop transmission of that information and employ measures, such as deletion, to prevent the information from spreading, save the relevant records, and report to the relevant competent departments in accordance with law.
Chapter IV: Promoting Common Prosperity and Development
Article 32: The state is to implement the new concept of development, support ethnic regions in fully deepening reform and opening, fully integrating into the national development strategy, increasing capacity for self-development, accelerating the high-speed development of ethnic regions, promoting the collective affluence of all ethnicities, and promoting the collective march of all ethnicities towards socialist modernization.
Article 33: Policy plans in the economic and social development area that are drafted and implemented by people’s governments at the county-level and above and their relevant departments shall be conducive to forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people, preserving national unity, opposing separatism, improving people’s lives, and bringing together people’s hearts.
Article 34: The state is to promote coordinated regional development, improve mechanisms for integrated regional development and differentiated regional support policies, and complete mechanisms for assistance and coordination, such as for counterpart assistance and east-west collaboration.
The state is to support ethnic regions in considering the regions’ primary functional positioning, to plan development and security, take on mission responsibility and give full play to their role in areas such as maintaining frontier security, resource and energy security, food security, and ecological security.
The state is to support ethnic regions in giving play to their advantages to serve the construction of new development structures that have large domestic circulation as the main idea, and in which domestic and international circulation promote each other, and deeply integrate the high-quality construction of the “Belt and Road”.
Article 35: The relevant State Council departments and people’s governments at the county-level and above shall strengthen basic infrastructure for transportation, energy, water, information, and logistics, to advance interconnectivity between ethnic regions and other regions.
Article 36: The state is to establish a modernized industrial system, develop new types of productive forces suited to local conditions, orderly advance industry cooperation and benefit sharing between regions, support ethnic regions in giving full play to their role in optimizing regional industrial and supply chains, and advance the establishment of a unified large market.
The relevant State Council departments and people’s governments at the county-level and above shall support ethnic regions in developing industries where they have distinctive advantages, based on their resource endowments and utilizing modern science and technology, such as agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries, agricultural food processing, textiles, and cultural tourism, as well as traditional crafts and medicine; and develop strong new forms of rural collective economics and advance full rural revitalization and integrated urban-rural development.
Article 37: The relevant State Council departments and local people’s governments at the county-level and above shall promote the reasonable allocation of public services resources in areas such as employment, education, and healthcare, enhance the balance and accessibility of basic public services, promote the coordinated development of all levels and types of education in ethnic regions, and increase capacity to ensure public services in ethnic regions.
Article 38: The relevant State Council departments and local people’s governments at the county-level or above shall plan the spatial layouts for optimizing agriculture, ecology, and urbanization, strengthen ethnic regions’ environment protection and the sustainable use of natural resources, and guide all ethnic groups to collectively preserve the ecological space of the for the sustainable development of the Chinese people.
Article 39:The relevant State Council departments and border region people’s governments at the county level and above shall plan the advancement of border prosperity and strong, stable borders; encourage and support the establishment of border areas, advance construction of infrastructure and public services, and improve the residential environment and conditions for life and production in border villages.
The relevant State Council departments and border region people’s governments at the country level and above shall strengthen the system of border towns, complete policies for development and opening, advance the construction of platforms for development and opening and for industry, and strengthen capacity for supporting industry, supporting border trade and developing border tourism, and encouraging cross-border economic cooperation.
Article 40: The state is to strengthen the cultivation of new trends and outlooks for the times, promote the establishment of citizen ethics, carry out mass publicity and education on the rule of law and popular science, promote the change of conventions, advocate new trends for improving civilization, and guide all ethnic groups to consciously comply with laws and regulations and to follow public order and good customs in activities such as daily interactions, weddings, and funerals.
The state protects citizens’ freedom of marriage. No organization or individual may interfere with the freedom of marriage on grounds such as ethnic identity, customs, or religious beliefs.
Chapter V: Safeguards and Oversight
Article 41: Uphold and improve the structure of ethnic work with the Party committee’s unified leadership, government management in accordance with law, and in which the united front work departments take the lead in coordination, the ethnic work departments perform their duties, all departments join forces to cooperate, and the whole society participates, to improve the ethnic work coordination mechanism.
The United Front Work Department of the Central Committee and the Ethnic Affairs Department of the State Council are responsible for the overall planning, coordination and supervision of the implementation of work such as strengthening the awareness of the Chinese nation's community and promoting ethnic unity and progress nationwide. All levels of local united front work department and ethnic affairs department are responsible for the coordination, organization, implementation, and oversight of work in the corresponding area, such as strengthening the awareness of the community of the Chinese people and promoting ethnic unity and progress nationwide.
Article 42: All departments of central and state organs, as well as all departments of local organs, are to carry out the work of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people and promoting ethnic unity and progress within the scope of their respective responsibilities. All organs shall promptly stop any behavior that undermines national unity and progress within their units.
Public officials shall play an exemplary and leading role in forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people and promoting national unity and progress in the performance their duties and in their regular lives.
Article 43: In accordance with their legally-prescribed authority, all levels of people’s congress and the standing committees of people’s congresses at the county level and above are to implement the requirements for forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people and promoting the establishment of the community of the Chinese people in all items of their work.
Article 44: Labor unions, communist youth leagues, womens federations, associations of industry and commerce, federations of literary and art circles, writers' associations, associations of science and technology, federations of returned overseas Chinese, Taiwan compatriots federations, disabled persons federations, and other mass organizations shall carry out efforts to forge a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people, and unify groups they have contact with to contribute forces towards establishing the community of the Chinese people.
Article 45: Enterprises, institutions, and organizations shall follow social mores, fulfill social responsibilities, and include the requirements of forging a strong sense of community of the Chinese people in operations training, cultural construction and other activities to promote ethnic unity and progress.
Social organizations such as industry associations, chambers of commerce, academic societies, and foundations shall embody the requirements of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people in industry self-discipline codes, professional ethics norms, or organizational charters, and promote ethnic unity and progress in conjunction with business work.
Article 46: Religious groups, religious schools and religious activity sites shall carry out publicity and education on forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people, persist in the direction of Sinicization of our nation’s religions, guide religions to adapt to socialist society, guide religious professionals and believers to carry forward the tradition of patriotism, and promote ethnic, religious, and social harmony.
Article 47:Basic-level people's governments shall provide guidance, support and assistance to resident and villager committees in carrying out the work of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people.
Resident and villager committees shall promote the requirements of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people in residents’ covenants and village rules and regulations, support and guide all ethnic groups in enhancing unity, mutual respect, and mutual assistance, and promote common progress.
Article 48: In accordance with this Law and relevant legal provisions, the military is to carry out publicity and education on building a strong sense of community of the Chinese people in conjunction with national defense activities, make full use of its own resources to ensure the construction of the community of the Chinese people, consolidate and develops military-political unity between the military and the people, and safeguard national unity and security.
Article 49: The state is to implement the requirement of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people throughout the entire process of training, selection, employment and management of cadres, strengthen the construction of cadre teams in ethnic minority areas, and attach importance to the training and use of ethnic minority cadres.
The state is to support the cultivation of professional technical talent and highly skilled talent in ethnic minority areas, promote the exchange of cadres and talent among ethnic minority regions and between ethnic minority regions and other regions, and guide the flow of cadres and talents to the grassroots in ethnic regions.
Article 50: People's governments at the county level or above shall include the work of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people and promoting ethnic unity and progress into their national economic and social development plans and annual plans, and include relevant work funds in their budgets.
The finance departments of the people's governments at the county level or above shall provide guidance and oversight on the use of funds in accordance with law.
Article 51: The state is to include ethnic affairs into the social governance mechanisms for joint construction, joint governance and sharing, strengthen organizational coordination and the extent of basic-level governance, strengthen scientific and technological supports, and improve the efficiency of social governance.
Article 52: Relevant State Council departments and local people's governments at all levels shall implement the holistic view of national security, complete the alert and reporting systems for major matters in the ethnicity sector, strengthen the investigation, identification, assessment, early warning and disposition of major risks and hazards in the ethnicity sector, increase capacity for preventing and resolving risks, and maintain national security and social stability.
Article 53:All levels of local people's government and relevant organs shall strengthen their capacity to prevent and resolve conflicts and disputes, giving full play to the role of diversified dispute resolution mechanisms, accurately identify the nature of disputes, handling and resolving disputes in accordance with law, and maintaining ethnic unity. Organizations and individuals must not intentionally cause or escalate conflicts or disrupt public order for reasons such as ethnic identity, customs, or religious beliefs.
Article 54: Citizens have the right to make complaints or reports about conduct undermining ethnic unity and progress, and to report state organ personnel’s non-performance or incorrect performance of legally-prescribed duties to forge a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people and promote ethnic unity and progress.
Where a person violates the provisions of this Law by undermining ethnic unity and progress, and harms national interests or societal public interests, the People's Procuratorate may initiate public interest litigation in accordance with the law.
Article 55: The carrying out of efforts to demonstrate and create ethnic unity and progress shall highlight the requirements of forging a strong sense of the community of the Chinese people.
Groups and individuals who make outstanding contributions to the cause of ethnic unity and progress shall be given commendations and awards in accordance with relevant state provisions.
Article 56: The fourth week of September every year is Ethnic Unity and Progress Publicity Week and the state is to carry out concentrated and diverse forms of publicity and educational activities to forge a strong sense of community of the Chinese people.
Chapter VI: Legal Responsibility
Article 57: Where state organs and their staff fail to perform or incorrectly perform their duties provided for in this law, or fail to promptly stop the illegal acts stipulated in Articles 58, 59, 60, and 61 of this law and address them in accordance with law, the competent departments or relevant organs are to order corrections; and where negative consequences or impacts are caused, sanctions are to be given to the responsible leaders and directly responsible personnel in accordance with law; and where a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility shall be pursued in accordance with law.
Article 58: Where any organization or individual violates the relevant provisions of this law and undermines ethnic unity and progress, then, in accordance with their authority, the relevant departments of the people's government at county level or above are to promptly stop it, order corrections, and give punishments in accordance with law. Where violations of public security are constituted, the public security organs are to give public security administrative sanctions in accordance with law; where a crime is constituted, criminal responsibility is pursued in accordance with law.
Article 59: Any organization or individual that engages in employment discrimination, refuses to provide goods or services, or engages in other discriminatory behavior prohibited by laws and regulations based on ethnic identity it to be ordered to make corrections by relevant departments at the county level or above, such as for ethnic affairs, human resources and social security, and market supervision in accordance with their duties; where adverse consequences or impacts were caused, they are to be given warnings or have criticism circulated. If there are other provisions on penalties in laws and regulations, those provisions shall prevail.
Article 60: Social groups, enterprises, institutions and other social organizations shall promptly stop any behavior in their units that undermines ethnic unity and progress, and where they fail to promptly stop it, causing adverse consequences or impacts, the higher level organs or relevant competent authorities are to give warnings or circulate criticism, and the directly responsible managers and other directly responsible persons are to be pursued for responsibility in accordance with law.
Article 61: Where network operators violate the provisions of this Law by failing to perform their management responsibilities, the relevant competent departments such as for cybersecurity and informatization, telecommunications, public security, national security, press and publication, radio and television, are order corrections in accordance with their duties; and where corrections are refused or the circumstances are serious, punishments are to be given in accordance with law.
Article 62: Where the organization, planning, or carrying out of violent terrorist activities, ethnic division activities, or religious extremist activities constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility is to be pursued in accordance with law.
Where inciting or financing the conduct in the preceding paragraph constitutes a crime, criminal responsibility is to be pursued in accordance with law.
Article 63: Organizations and individuals outside the [mainland] territory of the P.R.C. that commit acts aimed at the P.R.C. that undermine ethnic unity and progress or create ethnic division are to be pursued for legal responsibility in accordance with law.
Chapter VII: Supplementary Provisions
Article 64: The people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, directly controlled municipalities, districted cities d and autonomous prefectures, and their standing committees, may, in light of local actual conditions, formulate local regulations to promote ethnic unity and progress.
Article 65: This Law is to take effect from July 1, 2026.
Translation Notes
民族- ethnic, ethnicity. Official translations are fond of translating this as nationality, which is confusing because it can confuse statehood/citizenship with ethnic identity. In most situations, we use forms of ethnic.
国家统一 national unity, to illustrate the confusion, this ‘national unity’ refers to remaining a single unified nation-state, as opposed to 民族团结, which refers to ethnic unity or solidarity.
中华民族- The Chinese people. The exception that proves the rule. To recognize that this concept is meant to further a deliberate identity as Chinese regardless of membership in China’s various ethnicities, we have used “Chinese people” for this term throughout.
中国人民- The people of China. Unsurprisingly, the People’s Republic also discusses the ‘people’ in terms of the public, rather than a cultural identity. To distinguish, we use the slightly awkward term ‘people of china’ for this term.
民族人民 is ‘ethnic peoples’.
交融 – integration. Means blending or intermixing, but we have used integrating here. The concept is assimilation by blending together.
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