On Bureaucracy
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Introduction
“an apparatus for policy
(=reviewing and correcting relations between classes), and not a policy for
the apparatus!
(A good) bureaucracy in the
service of policy,
and not a policy in the service of (a good) bureaucracy.” Lenin, Notes for a Speech at the 10th
Congress of The, Collected Works, Volume 36, pages 535-537.
As
in most terms used in order to confuse the minds and throw dirt on the Soviets
and the Stalin, the term bureaucracy has been used for the same purpose.
Bourgeois liberals, right opportunists used the term in its bourgeois context
borrowed from and in aligned with the Trotskyites distortion, left opportunists
used it in its anarchistic, anarcho-Trotskyites context. It is not surprising
that both right and left opportunist borrow from Trotskyites, for Trotskyism is
the mixture of both.
Being two sides of the same coin, in essence, both sides are the enemy of socialism with “socialist` mask.” An old and often repeated objection to socialism” says Lenin,” is that socialism means “barracks for the masses” and “mass bureaucracy””. Lenin, The Seventh (April) All-Russia Conference of the R.S.D.L.P.(B.), APRIL 24–29, 1917
Bureaucracy, as Marx takes up Hegels definition; “executive is nothing but the administration, which he develops as the bureaucracy... The official function is the duty and the life's work of the civil servants… indeed, the bureaucracy is merely the formalism of a content which lies outside the bureaucracy itself… The bureaucracy is the state formalism of civil society… The bureaucrats are the Jesuits and theologians of the state… The aims of the state are transformed into aims of bureaus, or the aims of bureaus into the aims of the state. The bureaucracy is a circle from which no one can escape. Its hierarchy is a hierarchy of knowledge…. The abolition of the bureaucracy can consist only in the universal interest becoming really particular interest; and this is possible only through the particular interest really becoming universal.” Karl Marx, 1843 From Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
Lenin
defines as “the civil service, the bureaucracy, as representing a
special category of persons who specialise in the work of administration and
occupy a privileged position as compared with the people. We see this
institution everywhere, from autocratic and semi-Asiatic Russia to cultured.
free and civilised England, as an essential organ of bourgeois society.” Lenin, From, The
Tasks of the Russian Social-Democrats
Bureaucracy
- officialdom, Bureaucrats – administrators has a
history goes back to old monarchy, feudal systems. Explaining the first
appearance and its class base, Lenin says that “ the bureaucracy was the
first political instrument of the bourgeoisie
against the feudal lords, and against the representatives of the
“old-nobility” system in general, and marked the first appearance in the
arena of political rule of people who were not high-born landowners, but
commoners, “middle class” and from the very conditions of the
formation and recruitment of this class, which is open only to bourgeois
“offspring of the people,” and is connected with that bourgeoisie by
thousands of strong ties. …. every bureaucracy, by its historical
origin, its contemporary source, and its purpose, is purely and exclusively a
bourgeois institution” Lenin, The Economic Content of Narodism and the
Criticism of it in Mr. Struve’s Book, (The Reflection of Marxism in Bourgeois
Literature)
Transition
from Feudalism to Capitalism, the bureaucracy remains an administrative arm of
the ruling class as Lenin puts it; “in a
capitalist state which is centralized, not by the arbitrary will of the
bureaucracy, but by the inexorable demands of economic development,
that organisation must find expression in a single force welded together
throughout the state.” Lenin, The
Agrarian Programme of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution,
1905-1907, Local Self-Government as a “Bulwark Against Reaction”
As
Engels gives a particular example “where the bourgeoisie was, politically, far
less educated, the Liberal bureaucracy walked into office, and professed to
hold power in trust for them. We have further seen, how the parties and
classes of society, that were heretofore all united in opposition to the old
government, got divided among themselves after the victory, or even during the
struggle; and how that same Liberal bourgeoisie that alone profited from the
victory turned round immediately upon its allies of yesterday, assumed a
hostile attitude against every class or party of a more advanced character,
and concluded an alliance with the conquered feudal and bureaucratic
interests.” Frederick
Engels, Revolution and Counter-revolution in Germany
Marx
giving another example “under Napoleon, the bureaucracy was only the means
of preparing the class rule of the bourgeoisie. Under the Restoration,
under Louis Philippe, under the parliamentary republic, it was the
instrument of the ruling class.” Karl Marx, From The Eighteenth Brumaire
of Louis Bonaparte.
Although
bureaucracy obtains its motives from the bourgeoisie, but its action is with a tendency
and a form that is purely and solely feudal”. Lenin explains this as following;
“Only people who have never given
a thought to the new brought by the first decade of the twentieth century, who
understand nothing about the interdependence between the economic and the
political relations….But it is not enough to concede that the connection
exists, it is necessary to point out what exactly is the actual nature of
this connection. The step taken toward the transformation into something
new by no means eliminates the old,
say, “bureaucratic” regime with its vast self-sufficiency and independence,
with its “peculiar nature” .., and with its uncontrolled finances…..While it “obtains
the motives for its activity” largely from the upper ranks of the
bourgeoisie the bureaucracy lends its bourgeois activity a tendency and a
form that is purely and solely feudal.` Lenin, Plan Of The Pamphlet, The
Tax In Kind
Anarchist
utopia that expects the building of socialism in the morning of revolution and
withering away of state in the following days, expects the self-administration
of the masses – meaning the elimination of bureaucracy – officialdom. What is destroyed
with the bourgeois state is the bourgeois bureaucracy. As Stalin explains;
“with the abolition of the old apparatus of state administration,
bureaucracy was smashed, but the bureaucrats remained.” Stalin, Speech
at the Opening of the, First All-Russian Conference of Responsible Personnel of
the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, October 15, 1920
Lenin’s
words “Do not defend but rectify the bureaucratic excesses. The fight against bureaucracy
is a long and arduous one” tells more in one sentence than a thousand page
academic book with terms only the writer can understand.
Since
the transformation into something new by no means eliminated the old” in all aspects, and especially
the old bureaucrats remained and the class struggle against the bourgeois
remnant continues, the other question is related to combining this struggle
with the struggle against bourgeois bureaucrats. As Lenin puts it;
“control over the capitalists is
impossible if it remains bureaucratic, for the bureaucracy is itself
bound to and interwoven with the bourgeoisie by thousands of threads. “Lenin,
The Impending Catastrophe and How to Combat It
And
thus;
“it is clear that the old
executive apparatus, the bureaucracy, which is connected with the
bourgeoisie, would simply be unfit to carry out the orders of the
proletarian state.” Lenin, State and Revolution Housing Question
As
Stalin puts it bluntly and sincerely;
“our state apparatus, which is
bureaucratic to a considerable degree,
exerts a certain amount of pressure on the Party and the Party workers. In
1917, when we were forging ahead, towards October, we imagined that
we would have a Commune, a free association of working people, that we would
put an end to bureaucracy in government institutions, and that it would be
possible, if not in the immediate period, then within two or three short
periods, to transform the state into a free association of working people. Practice
has shown, however, that this is still an ideal which is a long way off,
that to rid the state of the elements of bureaucracy, to transform Soviet
society into a free association of working people, the people must have a
high level of culture, peace conditions must be fully guaranteed all around us so
as to remove the necessity of maintaining a large standing army, which
entails heavy expenditure and cumbersome administrative departments, the very
existence of which leaves its impress upon all the other state institutions. Our
state apparatus is bureaucratic to a considerable degree, and it will remain so
for a long time to come” Stalin; The Party's Tasks
This
confirms Marx’s and Lenin’s assessment that “the transformation into
something new by no means eliminates the
old” in all aspects overnight. Like the bureaucracy from feudal society
remained and changed in context after the bourgeois revolution, some of the
“old”, like “state” and “bureaucracy” will remain in different class context
and form till the transition to communist society in its scientific meaning -at
its higher stage. Lenin puts this fact bluntly by saying that “The economic foundations for the withering away of
the state”: in this case we also have the “economic foundations” for the
withering away of bureaucracy,” Lenin, Plan of The Pamphlet, The Tax in
Kind
Stalin,
repeating Marx and Lenin puts the question and solution at the fifteenth
congress;
“The Party's task is to continue
along the line of isolating the new bourgeoisie and to strengthen the bond
between the working class and the working Soviet intelligentsia in town and
country.
d) The state apparatus and the
struggle against bureaucracy. So much is being said about bureaucracy that
there is no need to dilate on it. That elements of bureaucracy exist in our
state, co-operative and Party apparatus, there can be no doubt. That it
is necessary to combat the elements of bureaucracy, and that this task will
confront us all the time, as long as we have state power, as long as the state
exists, is also a fact.” Stalin, The Fifteenth
Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.)
The
question is not only a question of state – from top down, but of masses -bottom
up. As Stalin states,” It will be impossible to reform the state
apparatus, to alter it thoroughly, to expel elements of bureaucracy and
corruption from it and to make it near and dear to the broad masses unless
the masses themselves render the state apparatus constant and active
assistance. But on the other hand, active and continuous assistance of
the masses is impossible unless the best elements of the workers and peasants
are drawn into the organs of government, unless direct and close connection is
established between the state apparatus and the "rank and file" of
the toiling masses.” Stalin, Questions and Answers
Only
the opportunist kinship of right and left use the terms in its bourgeois
meaning and context disregarding the fundamental differences after “the
transformation to the new “and “the struggle waged, precautions and steps taken
in preparation of the foundation for its withering away.
What
is purposely overlooked and never mentioned is that unlike in bourgeois
society, in socialist society - the bureaucrats - all officials and every kind
of all deputies are not only elected by the workers, but displaceable
by them at any moment. The salaries of bureaucrats do not exceed that
of a competent worker.
“Officials”
says Lenin “appointed” from above to “direct” the local population have
always been a sure step towards the restoration… What the people need is
a really democratic, workers’ and peasants’ republic, whose authorities
have been elected by the people and are displaceable by the people any
time they may wish it.” Lenin, What the Counter-Revolutionary Steps of the
Provisional Government Lead To
In general, as Marx asks the question “What is the "social question" as understood by the civil servant?” and responds; “It is the maintenance of his salary and his present position, which is superior to the people… ambitious professors, lawyers and similar persons, who can only hope to obtain respectable posts in a state where betrayal of the people's interests to the government is a lucrative business.” Marx in Neue Rheinische Zeitung
As Engels well explains for the capitalist society “The bureaucracy is beginning more and more to despise embezzlement as the sole means of improving its income; it is turning its back on the state and beginning to hunt after the far more lucrative posts on the administration of industrial enterprises.” Frederick Engels, The Housing Question
“Tendency
to become bureaucrats, i.e., privileged persons divorced from the people
and standing above the people.” Says Lenin, “That is the essence of
bureaucracy; and until the capitalists have been expropriated and the
bourgeoisie overthrown, even proletarian functionaries will inevitably be
“bureaucratized” to a certain extent.” Lenin, State and Revolution
In
socialism where there is no industrial private enterprises and “embezzlement “is
a risky business, Lenin states;
“the bureaucracy, are
either similarly replaced by the direct rule of the people themselves or at
least placed under special control; they not only become elected
officials, but are also subject to recall at the people’s first demand; they
are reduced to the position of simple agents; from a privileged group
holding “jobs” remunerated on a high, bourgeois scale, they become workers of a special “arm of the service”, whose
remuneration does not exceed the ordinary pay of a competent worker.” Lenin,
The Dual Power, Collected Works, Volume 24, pages 38-41.
Thus,
as opposed to the bourgeois context and class character of bureaucracy in where
they were a class or strata, in socialist society where they are workers of
a special “arm of the service”, the question is related to the approach and
practice of “bureaucrats” in their “administrative” work in general and
continuing struggle against the capitalist remnants , including the intelligencia in particular. As Lenin puts it:
“It is clear, I think, that the cries about
this celebrated bureaucracy are just a screen for dissatisfaction with
the personal composition of the central bodies, a fig-leaf to cover up the
violation of a pledge solemnly given at the Congress. You are a
bureaucrat because you were appointed by the Congress not in accordance
with my wishes, but against them; you are a formalist because you take your
stand on the formal decisions of the Congress, and not on my consent; you
are acting in a grossly mechanical way because you cite the “mechanical”
majority at the Party Congress and pay no heed to my wish to be co-opted; you
are an autocrat because you refuse to hand over the power to the old snug
little band who insist on their circle “continuity” all the more because they
do not like the explicit disapproval of this circle spirit by the Congress.
These cries about bureaucracy
have never had any real meaning except the one I have indicated.
They talk of bureaucracy. The
word bureaucracy might be translated into Russian as concentration on
place and position. Bureaucracy means subordinating the interests of the work to
the interests of one’s own career; it means focusing attention on places
and ignoring the work itself; it means wrangling over co-optation instead
of fighting for ideas. That bureaucracy of this kind is undesirable and
detrimental to the Party is unquestionably true,” Lenin, One Step Forward,
Two Steps Back, After the Congress. Two Methods of Struggle
“The
characteristic feature of the present period” says Stalin, “ is the intensification of the
struggle between the capitalist countries and our country, on the one hand, and
between the socialist elements and the capitalist elements within our
country, on the other.” Stalin, The Opposition Bloc in the C.P.S.U.(B.)
And
explains further;
“The wrecking activities of the
bourgeois intelligentsia are one of the most dangerous forms of resistance to
developing socialism.
….what does the resistance offered by the capitalist elements of town and
country to the socialist offensive represent? It represents a regrouping of
the forces of the class enemies of the proletariat for the purpose of defending
the old against the new. It is not difficult to understand that these
circumstances cannot but lead to an intensification of the class struggle. But
if we are to break the resistance of the class enemies and clear the way for
the advance of socialism, we must, besides everything else, give a sharp
edge to all our organisations, purge them of bureaucracy, improve their
cadres and mobilise the vast masses of the working class and labouring strata
of the countryside against the capitalist elements of town and country.”
Stalin, The Right
Deviation in the C.P.S.U.(B.)
Aside
from the continuing class struggle, “The chief defect of these institutions “says
Lenin “is that they are overburdened with trivial matters. As a result, they
are floundering in bureaucracy instead of fighting it. “Lenin, To: A. D. Tsyurupa
It
is clear that the question of “bureaucracy” during the phase of proletarian
dictatorship-socialism has nothing to do with its bourgeois contexts but
with the continuing class struggle and with the means and methods of -such as
application of socialist ethics and norms, complains, criticism,
self-criticism- preventing its hindering functions and preparation for its
withering away. One striking example
Lenin criticize;
“We must not delude ourselves with lies. That
is harmful. It is the main source of our bureaucracy…failure to study
practical experience. This is the root of all evil, and the root of
bureaucracy.” Lenin,
To Comrade Molotov For The Members Of The Political Bureau, 16 March, 1922,
Collected Works, Volume 33, pages 237-242
And
for self-criticism;
“We cannot do without self-criticism.
We simply cannot...Without it, stagnation, corruption of the apparatus, growth
of bureaucracy, sapping of the creative initiative of the working class,
are inevitable. Of course, self-criticism provides material for our enemies.
You are quite right about that. But it also provides material (and a
stimulus) for our advancement, for unleashing the constructive energies of
the working people, for the development of emulation, for shock brigades, and
so on. The negative aspect is counterbalanced and outweighed by the positive
aspect.
“It is possible that our press
gives too much prominence to our shortcomings, and sometimes even
(involuntarily) advertises them. That is possible and even probable. And, of
course, it is bad. You demand, therefore, that our shortcomings should be
counterbalanced (I would say: outweighed) by our achievements. You are, of
course, right about that too. We shall most certainly repair this defect, and
without delay. You need have no doubt of that.” Stalin, Letter to A. M.
Gorky, January 17, 1930
On
the hindrance of bureaucracy in the industrial development Stalin says;
“what is required to make the
policy of reducing industrial production costs and wholesale prices of
commodities possible and quite practicable? For that it is essential to have
a radical improvement of the technology of production, a radical
improvement of the organisation of labour in the factories, a radical
improvement and simplification of the entire economic apparatus and a
determined fight against bureaucracy in this apparatus.” Stalin, Speech
Delivered at the Fifth-Union Conference of the All-Union Leninist Young
Communist League
Analyzing
the concept of Bureaucracy within the party organizations Lenin says;
“Perhaps the only attempt to
analyse the concept bureaucracy is the distinction drawn in the new Iskra
(No. 53) between the “formal democratic principle” and the “formal
bureaucratic principle”. This distinction contains a grain of truth.
Bureaucracy versus democracy is in fact centralism versus autonomism;
it is the organisational principle of revolutionary Social-Democracy as opposed
to the organisational principle of opportunist Social-Democracy. The latter
strives to proceed from the bottom upward, and, therefore, wherever
possible and as far as possible, upholds autonomism and “democracy”, carried
(by the overzealous) to the point of anarchism. The former strives to
proceed from the top downward and upholds an extension of the rights and
powers of the centre in relation to the parts. In the period of disunity and
separate circles, this top from which revolutionary Social-Democracy strove to
proceed organizationally was inevitably one of the circles, the one
enjoying most influence by virtue of its activity and its revolutionary
consistency…. Thus you have, in a different environment, the same struggle
between the opportunist and the revolutionary wing of the Party on the question
of organisation, the same conflict between autonomism and centralism,
between democracy and “bureaucracy”, between the tendency to relax and the
tendency to tighten organisation and discipline, between the mentality of
the unstable intellectual and that of the staunch proletarian, between
intellectualist individualism and proletarian solidarity… attempts to
analyse and precisely define this detestable “bureaucracy” inevitably lead to
autonomism; attempts to “lend profundity” to their stand and vindicate it
inevitably lead to justifying backwardness, to tail-ism..” Lenin, One
Step Forward, Two Steps Back
Stalin
takes the question of bureaucracy and struggle against it very seriously.
“If it were only a question of the old bureaucrats” he says, “the fight
against bureaucracy would be very easy. The trouble is that it is not a
matter of the old bureaucrats. It is a matter of the new bureaucrats,
bureaucrats who sympathise with the Soviet Government, and finally, communist
bureaucrats. The communist bureaucrat is the most dangerous type of
bureaucrat. Why? Because he masks his bureaucracy with the title of Party
member.” Stalin, Thirteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B)
However,
Stalin shows that he neither hides the facts of bureaucracy nor is he a
utopian. He does not just point the question but points the solution. “Lenin’s
slogan about the cultural revolution.’ He says, “The surest remedy for
bureaucracy is raising the cultural level of the workers and peasants. One can
curse and denounce bureaucracy in the state apparatus, one can stigmatize and
pillory bureaucracy in our practical work, but unless the masses of the
workers reach a certain level of culture, which will create the
possibility, the desire, the ability to control the state apparatus from
below, by the masses of the workers themselves, bureaucracy will
continue to exist in spite of everything.” Stalin, The Fifteenth Congress of
the C.P.S.U.(B.)
In
this respect for the initiated. bureau
named “Complaints Bureau” Stalin says;
The work of the Complaints
Bureaus is of tremendous importance in the struggle to remove shortcomings in
our Party, Soviet, economic, trade-union and Komsomol apparatuses, in improving
our administrative apparatus.
Lenin said that without an
apparatus we should have perished long ago, and that without a systematic,
stubborn struggle to improve the apparatus we should certainly perish. This
means that resolute and systematic struggle against conservatism, bureaucracy
and red tape in our apparatus is an essential task of the Party, the working
class and all the working people of our country.
The tremendous importance of the
Complaints Bureaus consists in their being a serious means of carrying out
Lenin's behest concerning the struggle to improve the apparatus. “Stalin,
The Importance and Tasks of the Complaints-Bureaus
In
conclusion, aside from few criticism and self-criticism writings on the
question, most writings are bourgeois and revisionist, anarchist, anti-Marxists
writings banking on the ignorance and lack of historical, theoretical knowledge
of the masses. Or at best utopian, anarchist writings by those who believes
that after the political revolution, society will be transformed into the
communist society overnight. In the proletarian state representative organs are
real working institutions, built and acting as “...a working body, executive
and legislative at the same time.” Marx
And,
“between capitalist and communist society lies the period of the
revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to
this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing
but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat.”
“The
political system of “socialist self-administration” has not only nothing in
common with the dictatorship of the proletariat but is even opposed to it.”
Marx
As
preparing the economic foundations for the withering away of the state is a
precondition so is the “economic foundations for the withering away of
bureaucracy,” Lenin, Plan of The Pamphlet, The Tax in Kind
Anarchist,
revisionist cries over (most commonly Stalinist’) “bureaucracy” historically
anti-Marxist disguised with insidious right and/or left deviations. As Stalin
notes at his 13th Conference speech;
“Trotsky affirms that groups
arise because of the bureaucratic regime instituted by the Central Committee, and that if
there were no bureaucratic regime, there would be no groups either. This
is an un-Marxist approach, comrades. Groups arise, and will continue to
arise, because we have in our country the most diverse forms of economy—from
embryonic forms of socialism down to medievalism. That in the first place.
Then we have the NEP, that is, we have allowed capitalism, the revival of
private capital and the revival of the ideas that go with it, and these
ideas are penetrating into the Party. That in the second place. And, in the
third place, our Party is made up of three component parts: there are
workers, peasants and intellectuals in its ranks. These then, if we approach
the question in a Marxist way, are the causes why certain elements are drawn
from the Party for the formation of groups, which in some cases we must
remove by surgical action, and in others dissolve by ideological means, through
discussion.” Stalin, Thirteenth Conference of the R.C.P.(B)
In
almost all cases the outcry against bureaucracy by either left or right
opportunists end up supporting and defending the bureaucracy in different form.
Enver Hoxha, in his “Memoirs from my Meetings with Stalin” writes;
“The enemies of communism,
ranging from international bourgeois reaction down to the Khrushchevites and
all the other revisionists, have striven with every means to blacken and
distort all the virtues, pure thoughts and just actions of this great Marxist-Leninist,
and to discredit the first socialist state set up by Lenin and Stalin. With
great cunning the Khrushchevites, these new disciples of Trotsky, Bukharin,
Zinoviev and Tukhachevsky, incited conceit and the feeling of superiority
in those who had taken part in the war. They encouraged privileges for the
élite, opened the way to bureaucracy and 'liberalism in the party and the
state, violated the true revolutionary norms, and gradually managed to
implant the defeatist spirit among the people.” Enver
Hoxha, Memoirs from my Meetings with Stalin
Marxist
Leninists are not utopians to believe that bureaucracy will wither away
overnight by force. They do take the necessary steps to fight against it and
prepare the conditions for its withering away. One of
the first which is , as Lenin
puts it, bureaucrats “are reduced to the
position of simple agents; from a privileged group holding “jobs”
remunerated on a high, bourgeois scale, they become workers of a special “arm
of the service”, whose remuneration does not exceed the ordinary pay of a
competent worker.”
One cannot and should not take the question of “bureaucracy” in the same manner, same context, within the same basket as they take in a capitalist country. As long as the State; army and similar institutions exist, "bureaucracy" will continue to exist in the service of politics, but not in a capitalist context. With the withering away of the state, the bureaucracy will also wither away.
Erdogan A
September 2020
Contents
Karl
Marx, From Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right - P22
Karl
Marx, in Neue Rheinische Zeitung - P31
Engels,
Revolution and Counter-revolution in Germany – P39
Karl
Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. - P41
Karl
Marx, The Civil War in France – P43
Engels,
From The Prussian Military Question and the German Workers' Party – P44
Marx
and Engels, “Stirner” Delighted in His Construction – P48
Frederick
Engels, The Housing Question – P50
Lenin,
From; The Tasks of the Russian Social-Democrats – P51
Lenin,
From; One Step Forward, Two Steps Back – P53
Lenin,
Old and New – P60
Lenin,
Controversial Issues – P65
Lenin,
What the Counter-Revolutionary Steps of the Provisional Government Lead To –
P70
Lenin,
From State and Revolution – P74
Lenin,
To: The All-Russia Central Council of Trade Unions -P78
Lenin,
From; The Party Crisis – P79
Lenin,
To: G. Y. Sokolnikov – P81
Lenin,
From; To: A. D. Tsyurupa – P83
Stalin,
From; Three years of Proletarian Dictatorship – P85
Stalin,
From; The Party's Tasks – P85
Stalin,
From; The Discussion, Rafail, the Articles by Preobrazhensky and Sapronov,and
Trotsy's Letter – P88
Stalin, Thirteenth Conference of
the R.C.P.(B) – P95
Stalin,
The Results of the 13th Congress of the R.C.P.(B.) - P106
Stalin,
From; The Fourteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) -P109
Stalin,
From; Questions and Answers – P112
Stalin,
from; Reply to the Discussion on the Report on “The Social-Democratic Deviation
in our Party” – P114
Stalin,
From; The Right Deviation in the C.P.S.U.(B.) – P118
Stalin,
The Opposition Bloc in the C.P.S.U.(B.)
- P128
Stalin,
From; The Fifteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) – P146
Stalin,
from; Speech Delivered at the Eighth Congress of the All-Union Leninist Young
Communist League - P151
Stalin,
Against Vulgarizing the Slogan of Self-Criticism - P156
Stalin,
Letter to the Members of the Party Affairs Study Circle at the Communist
Academy – P167
Stalin,
The Right Danger in the C.P.S.U.(B.) – P170
Stalin,
From; Political Report of the CC to the 16th Congress of the C.P.S.U.(B.) –
P186
Stalin,
The Importance & Tasks of the Complaints-Bureaus- P191
Stalin,
From; Report to the Seventeenth Party Congress on the Work of the Central
Committee of the C.P.S.U.(B.) – P193
Kollontai,
The Workers Opposition, On Bureaucracy – P205
Enver Hoxha, Yugoslav
“Self-Administration” – P223
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